Abstract
Optical tissue properties limit visible light depth penetration in tissue. Because of this, the recent development of optogenetic tools was quickly followed by the development of light delivery devices for in vivo optogenetics applications. We summarize the efforts made in the last decade to design neural probes that combine conventional electrophysiological recordings and optical channel(s) for optogenetic activation, often referred to as optodes or optrodes. Several aspects including challenges for light delivery in living brain tissue, the combination of light delivery with electrophysiological recordings, probe designs, multimodality, wireless implantable system, and practical considerations guiding the choice of configuration depending on the questions one seeks to address are presented.
Highlights
The field of neurosciences witnessed the development of several optogenetic tools used to probe and modulate brain activity with a specificity never attained before.[1]
Optogenetic control of brain activity is achieved with the help of light-sensitive proteins such as ion pumps or channels and, more recently, through light-activated enzymes and G-protein-coupled receptors.[2,3]
Before optogenetics, in many cases, specific activation or sensing was impossible because different neuronal populations are literally intermingled within the same area
Summary
The field of neurosciences witnessed the development of several optogenetic tools used to probe and modulate brain activity with a specificity never attained before.[1]. Before optogenetics, in many cases, specific activation or sensing was impossible because different neuronal populations (often subserving opposite roles) are literally intermingled within the same area. Neurons, with their colossal axonal and dendritic extensions, and their high levels of transport and secretion, are among the most transcriptionally active cells in the body. Elements in their structure.[9] recent advances in the developments of micro-LEDs (light-emitting diodes) made them an element of choice for the fabrication of optrodes Given their small size and low-power consumption, they can be positioned directly at the desired light delivery site. This eliminates the use of optical fibers and raises possibilities for completely wireless systems and freely behaving animal experimentation
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