Abstract
Optogenetics, the control of neural activity using light, is a recent development in the field of clinical neuroscience and has brought significant reform to the domain. The “optogenetic revolution” has fueled the expansion of three main areas: the cell-specific understanding of neurodegenerative disorders, development of new treatment methods and evolution of biotechnological approaches. The possibility created by optogenetics of single-cell manipulation and the identification of specific neuronal pathways allows for a radically clearer grasp of the brain’s functioning. However, despite its promising outlook, the future of optogenetics remains unclear. Especially the transition from animal-based models to human application requires a significant advancement of the field, with technological and physiological obstacles that have so far proven unsurpassable. Thus, the question is posed whether the rapid change which optogenetics brought to clinical neurosciences will continue gaining momentum in the coming years.
Highlights
Discussion1.2 Precise study of neural circuits providing a novel approach Single-cell electrical activation is an important change brought by optogenetics, as it has paved a new way for analyzing specific neural circuits
Background rons are typeI opsins, known as microbial
This paper aims to highlight three major improvements sors of several types, including calcium or voltage change in neuroscience which occurred following optogenetics de- detectors
Summary
1.2 Precise study of neural circuits providing a novel approach Single-cell electrical activation is an important change brought by optogenetics, as it has paved a new way for analyzing specific neural circuits Thanks to this development, scientists were able to causally link neural circuits, behavior, and function in diseases such as Parkinson’s syndrome [9]. Existing brain stimulation techniques such as the deep brain stimulation (DBS), the transcranial direct current stimulation, and the transcranial magnetic stimulation lack the ability of specific cell type and neural circuit targeting Optogenetics has overcome this problem and enabled manipulations with high temporal precision to study the mechanisms of neurological disorders and the causal relationships between single cells and pathways. Even though optogenetics seems to be a promising method in treatment strategies for central nervous system diseases and for other disorders, it still requires further development
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