Abstract
Satisfying the mobile traffic demand in next generation cellular networks increases the cost of energy supply. Renewable energy sources are a promising solution to power base stations in a self-sufficient and cost-effective manner. This paper presents an optimal method for designing a photovoltaic (PV)-battery system to supply base stations in cellular networks. A systematic approach is proposed for determining the power rating of the photovoltaic generator and battery capacity from a technical and economical point of view in order to minimize investment cost as well as operational expenditure, while the power autonomy of the PV-battery system is maximized in a multi-objective optimization framework. The proposed method is applied to optimally size a photovoltaic-battery system for three cases with different availability of solar power to investigate the effect of environmental conditions. Problem-solving using the proposed approach leads to a set of solutions at different costs versus different levels of power autonomy. According to the importance of each criterion and the preference of decision-makers, one of the achieved solutions can be selected for the implementation of the photovoltaic-battery system to supply base stations in cellular networks.
Highlights
Accepted: 23 March 2021In recent years, the energy consumption of information and communication technology (ICT) has become an economic issue for operators and a major challenge for sustainable development [1]
H is the horizon of study, which equals D×T, and OPEXBatt is the battery operational cost, including the state of charge (SOC)-related (CostSOC ) as well as DoD-related (Cost DoD ) costs [38]: t
In order to verify the effectiveness of the proposed approach, it is applied to three cases with different availability of solar power, namely, Aalborg, Denmark, Malaga, cases with different availability of solar power, namely, Aalborg, Denmark, Malaga, Spain, Spain, and Boujdour, Morocco to investigate theofeffect of environmental conditions
Summary
The energy consumption of information and communication technology (ICT) has become an economic issue for operators and a major challenge for sustainable development [1]. Deployment of renewable sources, such as solar photovoltaic (PV) panels, is currently increasing in order to meet the needs of growing energy demand and to mitigate the impact of fossil pollutants on the environment and guarantee socio-economic benefits for sustainable development [4]. Despite their advantages, the intermittent nature of Published: 29 March 2021. In [25], in order to prepare a reliable emission-free and economic power supply, optimal sizing of a hybrid renewable energy system based on a discrete multi-objective grey wolf algorithm was applied in off-grid rural base stations. An optimization framework will be developed and formulated for determining the power rating of PV panels and battery capacity from a technical and economical point of view in order to minimize CAPEX as well as OPEX while the power autonomy of the PV-battery system is maximized
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