Abstract
ABSTRACT: This paper discusses the performance of various codeless and semicodeless techniques used to obtain the carrier phase of the GPS L2 signal without knowledge of the encrypted Anti-Spoofing (AS) Y-code. Four known techniques have been published in the past: squaring, cross-correlation, P-code aided L2 squaring, and Z-tracking. All these techniques perform significantly worse than an ideal phase lock loop. Five new techniques are presented in this paper: (1) code-aided L2 Costas loop with W-bit integrate and dump arm filtering, (2) P-code aided L1, L2 cross-correlation, (3) soft decision Z-tracking, (4) optimum L2 demodulation motivated by maximum a posteriori (MAP) estimation theory, and (5) linear approximation of the MAP approach. The first three are modifications of existing techniques, with improved performance. Techniques 4 and 5 are optimum and near-optimum techniques based on statistical estimation theory, and provide the best performance in squaring loss and mean time to cycle slip.
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