Abstract
A batch bio-sorption experiment was conducted on Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. wood-branch in the form of woody sawdust nanoparticles (nSD-KF) to evaluate their potential efficiency as phosphate bio-sorption capacity. The operating parameters of phosphate bio-sorption including contact time, initial concentration, pH, temperature, dosage, size, competing ion, and the possible mechanisms responsible for phosphate removal from water were investigated. The nSD-KF were green-synthesized by ball mill grinder and phosphate solutions with various concentrations were performed. The results revealed that the maximum adsorption capacity (qmax) value of nSD-KF was 50,000 µg/g. In addition, the removal efficiency of nSD-KF significantly increased with the increase of initial phosphate concentration, contact time, temperature, and dosage. However, it decreased with the increase of pH and in double-system solution with the presence of ammonium ions. At the application study, the nSD-KF successfully removed 87.82% and 92.09% of phosphate from real agricultural wastewater in a batch experiment and in a column experiment, respectively. Adsorption efficiency of nSD-KF for phosphate increased after the first and second regeneration cycles, but it decreased after the third and fourth cycles. The poor to moderate phosphate desorption from nSD-KF sorbent indicates the stability of phosphate bound to nSD-KF materials. Regardless, biodegradability of nSD-KF-loaded phosphate is possible, and it will be a good source of phosphate to a plant when added to the agricultural soil as a supplemental application of fertilizer. In conclusion, nSD-KF could be considered as a promising lignocellulosic biomaterial used for the removal of phosphate from waters as bio-sorption process.
Highlights
The adverse impacts of nutrient overloading in sensitive ecosystems are becoming increasingly noticeable with higher phosphorus contents in the agricultural wastewater [1,2]
The environmental protection and remediation of all types of water are of special concern around the world
Bio-sorption is the use of biomaterials in the removal of pollutants from agricultural wastewater, where the P-loaded bio-sorbent can be reused as compost for land application in the form of supplemental phosphorus fertilizer
Summary
The adverse impacts of nutrient overloading in sensitive ecosystems are becoming increasingly noticeable with higher phosphorus contents in the agricultural wastewater [1,2]. Removal of phosphate from polluted water by biodegradable sorbents and its use as a supplemental. New methods for removal of phosphate from agricultural wastewater before discharge into water bodies are required to reduce eutrophication problem. An efficient and promising method used to remove phosphate from water is adsorption. Low-cost, availability, and biodegradability of materials used in the removal of phosphate from waters are limiting factors [3,4]. Bio-sorption is the use of biomaterials in the removal of pollutants from agricultural wastewater, where the P-loaded bio-sorbent can be reused as compost for land application in the form of supplemental phosphorus fertilizer. For the efficient and cost-saving removal of phosphate from water, the lignocellulosic biomaterials could be used in typical or modified forms [5,6,7]. Woody sawdust is one of these lignocellulosic biomaterial used for this purpose due to its chemical constituents including available functional groups such as OH, COOH, and NH2 , and other compounds such as phenols, alcohols, and aldehydes that are presented in cellulose, lignin, and hemicelluloses
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