Optimum combination of rotational and welding speeds for welding of Al/Cu-butt joint by friction stir welding

Abstract

Friction stir welding (FSW) is extensively used due to its low processing temperature, cost, and fast operation. The objective of this is research is to determine the optimum rotational and welding speed for welding of Al/Cu butt joint by FSW. FSW is used to produce a butt joint of pure aluminum with pure copper under two conditions; as received, i.e., not annealed, and as annealed. FSW is examined under three different rotational speeds: 910 rpm, 1280 rpm, and 1700 rpm, and each rotational speed is examined at three different welding speeds 16 mm/min, 29 mm/min, and 44 mm/min. The axial and longitudinal welding force components are measured during the welding process. Tensile and hardness tests were done to evaluate the mechanical properties, and the microstructural properties were also examined by XRD, SEM, and an optical microscope. The results showed that the welding force increased and the axial force decreased as the rotational speed increased and the welding speed decreased. Voids, tunnels, and cavities are noticed in case of a low rotational speed and a high welding speed; however, almost defect-free structure obtained at the highest rotational speed examined, i.e., 1700 rpm and the lowest welding speed of 16 mm/min, in case of Al and annealed Cu joint, but in case of non-annealed copper, it was different. It can be concluded that there is an optimal combination between the rotational speed and the welding speed in order to obtain the optimum mechanical and microstructural properties of the Al–Cu-welded joints, and that speed is a function of the material conditions.