Abstract
Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs) are promising to offer demand-side regulation with proper control. In this paper, the aggregate power of TCLs is used to track the automatic generation control (AGC) signal by changing the temperature setpoint. The dynamics of the indoor temperature are described by a Monte Carlo model, and population dissatisfaction is described by the predicted percentage of dissatisfied (PPD). The objective is optimization from two aspects, minimizing both population dissatisfaction and tracking error. We propose an improved active target particle swarm optimization (APSO) algorithm to optimize the model, making it possible to ensure that the user’s dissatisfaction is as small as possible while the aggregate power tracks the AGC signal. The novelty of this paper is to introduce PPD into the model and at the same time establish three models using PPD as the objective function and constraints. The simulation results are shown to verify the efficiency of the designed model.
Highlights
In the traditional power grid, the power system adjusts the output of each generator on the power generation side by automatic generation control (AGC) to maintain the frequency offset within the allowable range [1]
− f cl hc, where Ll represents the human body’s heat storage, Ml is the energy metabolism rate of the human body in community l, W indicates the mechanical power of the human body, t ai is the ambient temperature of the bodies of consumers in community l, tr expresses the indoor average radiant temperature, f cl represents the ratio of clothed surface area to naked body surface area, Pa is the vapor’s partial pressure, calculated taking into account air humidity: Pa = φ · exp[18.956 − 4030/(t ai + 235)], (7)
M is the number of groups of aggregated Thermostatically controlled loads (TCLs), PPDl is the value of the dissatisfaction of each group, Pl is the aggregated power consumption of each group of TCLs, and Pr is the value of AGC
Summary
In the traditional power grid, the power system adjusts the output of each generator on the power generation side by automatic generation control (AGC) to maintain the frequency offset within the allowable range [1]. In the research of demand-side regulation, the direct load control scheme based on air conditioning loads has attracted the attention of researchers due to its fast response speed and low cost [3]. Works such as [4,5] have studied and established a mathematical model based on the physical characteristics of air conditioning load to describe the continuous evolution of the temperature state and the switching process of the thermostat state. Three optimization schemes are established to reach a trade-off between population dissatisfaction and power tracking errors by selecting the optimal temperature range for the general public and the grid.
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