Abstract
With rapid urbanization and industrialization, China’s metropolises have undergone a huge shift in land use, which has had a profound impact on the ecological environment. Accordingly, the contradictions between regional production, living, and ecological spaces have intensified. The study of the optimization of production-living-ecological space (PLES) is crucial for the sustainable use of land resources and regional socio-economic development. However, research on the optimization of land patterns based on PLES is still being explored, and a unified technical framework for integrated optimization has yet to be developed. Ecosystem services (ES), as a bridge between people and nature, provide a vehicle for the interlinking of elements of the human-land system coupling. The integration of ES supply and demand into ecosystem assessments can enhance the policy relevance and practical application of the ES concept in land management and is also conducive to achieving ecological security and safeguarding human well-being. In this study, an integrated framework comprising four core steps was developed to optimize the PLES in such a way that all ecosystem services are in surplus as far as possible. It was also applied to a case study in the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River Basin. A regression analysis between ES and PLES was used to derive equilibrium thresholds for the supply and demand of ES. The ternary phase diagram method was used to determine the direction and magnitude of the optimization of the PLES, and finally, the corresponding optimization recommendations were made at different scales.
Highlights
Since the 20th century, along with the acceleration of global urbanization and industrialization, the continued large-scale exploitation of land resources has been accompanied by environmental problems, such as the crowding of ecological space by urban construction land, atmospheric pollution, water pollution, and ecological imbalance [1,2,3]
Based on various models and methods, this study quantified the mismatch of supply and demand for the four Ecosystem services (ES) in the Yellow River Basin and explores how the spatial pattern of production-living-ecological space (PLES) can be adjusted to keep the ES in supply and demand balance
Along with the implementation of revegetation projects and the establishment of ecological reserves in the region, the supply of many ecosystem services was on the rise
Summary
Since the 20th century, along with the acceleration of global urbanization and industrialization, the continued large-scale exploitation of land resources has been accompanied by environmental problems, such as the crowding of ecological space by urban construction land, atmospheric pollution, water pollution, and ecological imbalance [1,2,3]. At the end of 2018, 59.6% of China’s land was urbanized, and China has entered a period of steady urbanization [4,5]. In this context, structural imbalances in land use have come to the fore, the contradiction between production-living-ecological space (PLES). To promote regional sustainable development and the effective and efficient application of land space, it is necessary to reasonably allocate limited spatial resources [8,9,10]. Integrating the spatial functions and land use structure under the PLES linkage and promoting the coordinated development of the quantitative structure and spatial layout of the PLES has become an urgent issue to be addressed [11,12]
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