Abstract
The electricity sector contributes to most of the global warming emissions generated from fossil fuel resources which are becoming rare and expensive due to geological extinction and climate change. It urges the need for less carbon-intensive, inexhaustible Renewable Energy Sources (RES) that are economically sound, easy to access and improve public health. The carbon-free salient feature is the driving motive that propels widespread utilization of wind and solar RES in comparisons to rest of RES. However, stochastic nature makes these sources, variable renewable energy sources (VRES) because it brings uncertainty and variability that disrupt power system stability. This problem is mitigated by adding energy storage (ES) or introducing the demand response (DR) in the system. In this paper, an electricity generation network of China by the year 2017 is modeled using EnergyPLAN software to determine annual costs, primary energy supply (PES) and CO2 emissions. The VRES size is optimized by adding ES and DR (daily, weekly, or monthly) while maintaining critical excess electricity production (CEEP) to zero. The results substantiate that ES and DR increase wind and solar share up to 1000 and 874 GW. In addition, it also reduces annual costs and emissions up to 4.36 % and 45.17 %.
Highlights
In this urbanized and industrialized era of technology, the rapid growth of electricity is satiated by expensive fossil fuels which are depleting quickly and polluting the atmosphere
This study explores different cases (DR and Energy Storage (ES)) to integrate renewable energy in the system without risking the power system stability
The exclusion of NPP share can be given to Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRES) to assess if it descends or ascends the annual costs in comparison to case 1
Summary
In this urbanized and industrialized era of technology, the rapid growth of electricity is satiated by expensive fossil fuels which are depleting quickly and polluting the atmosphere. This leads to switch to clean, cheap and carbonfree Renewable Energy Sources (RES) [1] that has been further divided into controlled RES (hydropower, geothermal, biomass) and Variable Renewable Energy Sources (VRES) (wind and solar). Electrical energy is stored in some form and converted to electric power when VRES is insufficient to fulfil the demand It diminishes uncertainty as well as increases the reliability of the power system network [9], [10]. DR becomes an expedient alternative in easing the integration
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