Abstract
Microgrid operation is challenging because the amount of electricity that is produced from renewables is uncertain and the inertia of distributed generation resources is very small. Energy storage systems can regulate energy, improve the reliability of the power system and enhance the transient stability. This paper determines the optimal capacities of energy storage systems in an islanded microgrid that is composed of wind-turbine generators, photovoltaic arrays, and micro-turbine generators. The energy storage system can enhance the reliability of the microgrid and eliminate the unnecessary load shedding when a severe transient (such as a generator outage) occurs in the islanded microgrid. The studied problem is expressed as a multi-objective programming formulation, which is solved using an immunity-based algorithm. Four objective functions are optimized: minimum of energy storage capacity, minimum of load shedding, maximum of the lowest swing frequency, and minimum of the Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI). These four objective functions are subject to both steady-state constraints and the transient-state equality constraint. The steady-state constraints include the total shed load limit, the feasible range of energy storage capacities while the transient-state equality constraint is expressed by the dynamic equation. The Pareto optimums are explored and optimality of the problem is investigated. The simulation results based on an islanded 15-bus microgrid show the applicability of the proposed method.
Highlights
The establishment of microgrids is an efficient approach to accommodate distributed generation (DG) resources and increase the penetration of DG in the main power grid [1,2]
This paper proposes a novel method for optimizing the capacities of battery energy storage systems
The proposed method can determine the shed load in each stage of the underfrequency relays and Customer Average Interruption Duration Index (CAIDI) while considering new energy storage systems
Summary
The establishment of microgrids is an efficient approach to accommodate distributed generation (DG) resources and increase the penetration of DG in the main power grid [1,2]. Microgrids generally include devices for generating energy from renewable sources (such as wind and photovoltaic power), small generation units (such as diesel and microturbine generators) and energy storage systems [3,4]. Many works have sought to develop the microgrid test bed. Technology Solutions (CERTS) microgrid concepts were first formulated in 1998 [1], and Lasseter subsequently published an evaluation report for this test bed [2]. Lasseter presented some crucial concepts concerning the CERTS microgrid test bed, such as embedding peer-to-peer and plug-and-play devices in the microgrid. Power generation resources may include renewable energy and micro-turbine generators, while the battery energy storage system (BESS) enables bidirectional energy flow [5]
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