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Abstract
3D printing, regarded as the most popular additive manufacturing technology, is finding many applications in various industrial sectors. Along with the increasing number of its industrial applications, reducing its material consumption and increasing the strength of 3D printed objects have become an important topic. In this paper, we introduce unidirectionally and bidirectionally stiffened structures into 3D printing to increase the strength and stiffness of 3D printed objects and reduce their material consumption. To maximize the advantages of such stiffened structures, we investigated finite element analysis, especially for general cases of stiffeners in arbitrary positions and directions, and performed optimization design to minimize the total volume of stiffened structures. Many examples are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed finite element analysis and optimization design as well as significant reductions in the material costs and stresses in 3D printed objects stiffened with unidirectional and bidirectional stiffeners.
Highlights
It has been argued that the digitization of manufacturing, characterized by additive manufacturing, is bringing along a new era of the fourth industrial revolution. 3D printing plays a dominant role in additive manufacturing
To tackle the above problems, this paper used stiffened structures with unidirectional and bidirectional stiffeners, widely used in engineering, for 3D printing to release the internal space, investigated the finite element analysis to deal with stiffeners at arbitrary positions and in arbitrary orientations, which was not addressed in [4], and carried out optimization design to improve structural strength and stiffness and minimize material consumption of single material 3D printing
Σmax ≤ σ s.t. w ≤ w ≤ w h≤h≤h where Vi is the volume of the ith stiffener; n is the total number of the stiffeners; σmax is the allowed maximum von Mises stress for both shell elements and stiffener elements; σ is the material yield strength; w and h are the design variables; and w, w, h, and h are the lower and upper bounds of the stiffener width and height
Summary
It has been argued that the digitization of manufacturing, characterized by additive manufacturing, is bringing along a new era of the fourth industrial revolution. 3D printing plays a dominant role in additive manufacturing. Enormous industrial applications require high strength and low material costs for 3D printed objects. Current research studies have proposed several new structures to reduce material costs and increase the strength of 3D printed objects. Apart from stiffened structures in nature, many engineering structures are stiffened to raise strength and stiffness and reduce material costs. These stiffened structures include buildings (Figure 2a–c), and gas holders (Figure 2d). 3. 3.(a)(a)Single-sided structures inin an F-16 from
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