Abstract

Phellinus linteus, also known as the sanghuang mushroom, is a medicinal mushroom that has been recognized as beneficial to health for more thousands of years. Among its diverse valuable secondary metabolites, the yellow‐brown styrylpyrone pigment hispidin has garnered significant attention due to its various pharmacological effects. However, recently after detailed morphological and molecular phylogenetic studies, the correct scientific name of the true sanghuang strains was shown not to be P. linteus but Sanghuangporus sanghuang. As the incorrect binomial name P. linteus has long been misleadingly referred, there is a need to evaluate the safety of S. sanghuang. Moreover, the growing conditions can impact the secondary metabolite profile of the fungi. Hence, this study is the first to optimize hispidin production and to investigate the genotoxic and oral toxic effects of hispidin‐enriched S. sanghuang mycelia. In order to induce the biosynthesis of hispidin, 15 different culture media consisting of five carbon sources, five nitrogen sources, and five initial pH conditions were screened. Glucose and yeast extract at an initial pH of 5 were found to be the most suitable carbon and nitrogen sources, respectively, for the optimal growth and production of hispidin. Moreover, the production of hispidin was 3 mg/g in a 20‐ton bioreactor under optimal conditions. Furthermore, the ames test, in vitro chromosome aberration test, acute oral toxicity test, and bone marrow micronucleus test were used to detect toxicological properties of 3 mg/g hispidin‐enriched S. sanghuang mycelia. In all tests, there was no statistically significant difference between the mycelia and the negative control. Based on the results obtained, the present study demonstrates that 3 mg/g hispidin‐enriched S. sanghuang mycelia has a very low order of toxicity, which supports its safety for human consumption.

Highlights

  • To determine the highest concentration of test substance to be used in this study, hispidin-enriched S. sanghuang mycelia at dose levels of 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/ml were first exposed to CHO-K1 cells (BCRC 60006) in the presence and absence of a metabolic activation system

  • All dosages did not change the abundance of reticulocytes and did not increase the rate of micronucleated reticulocytes significantly (p > .05; Table 4) at both 48- and 72-hr post-treatment, FIGURE 4 (a) Gross pathology and (b) organ weights in male and female mice treated with a single oral gavage dose of 3 mg/g hispidin-enriched Sanghuangporus sanghuang (SS) mycelia

  • Fungi are known to produce a wealth of bioactive secondary metabolites and have a wide range of applications in agriculture, industrial, pharmaceuticals, and biomedical sectors (Fouda, Hassan, Eid, & Ewais, 2015; Sheng et al, 2019)

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Summary

Introduction

To determine the highest concentration of test substance to be used in this study, hispidin-enriched S. sanghuang mycelia at dose levels of 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5 mg/ml were first exposed to CHO-K1 cells (BCRC 60006) in the presence and absence of a metabolic activation system. Results showed that neither short-term (3 hr) nor long-term (20 hr) treatment induced higher frequency of aberrations when compared to negative controls (p > .05), suggesting that exposure to the 3 mg/g hispidin-enriched S. sanghuang mycelia did not induce chromosome aberrations under the conditions tested.

Results
Conclusion
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