Abstract
Recently, wireless sensor networks (WSNs) were perceived as the foundation infrastructure that paved the way to the emergence of the Internet of Things (IoT). However, a challenging issue exists when WSNs are integrated into the IoT because of high energy consumption in their nodes and poor network lifespan. Therefore, the elementary discussions in WSN are energy scarcity in sensor nodes, sensors' data exchange, and routing protocols. To address the aforesaid shortcomings, this paper develops an optimized energy-efficient path planning strategy that prolongs the network lifetime and enhances its connectivity. The proposed approach has four successive procedures: initially, the sensing field is partitioned into equal regions depending on the number of deployed mobile sinks that eliminate the energy-hole problem. A new heuristic clustering approach called stable election algorithm (SEA) is introduced to minimize the message exchange between sensor nodes and prevent frequent cluster heads rotation. A sojourn location determination algorithm is proposed based on the minimum weighted vertex cover problem (MWVCP) to find the best position for the sinks to stop and collect the data from cluster heads. Finally, three optimization techniques are utilized to evaluate the optimized mobile sinks' trajectories using multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs). Whilst the performance of the developed work was evaluated in terms of cluster heads number, network lifetime, the execution time of the sinks' sojourn locations determination algorithm, the convergence rate of optimization techniques, and data delivery. The simulation scenarios conducted in MATLAB and the obtained results showed that the introduced approach outperformed comparable existing schemes. It succeeded in prolonging the network lifetime up to 66% compared to existing routing protocols.
Highlights
W IRELESS sensor network (WSN) is the preferred term adopted by the academic scholars to describe the “wireless sensor and control network" or “wireless sensor and actuator network" [1]
Low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH) is a pioneer cluster-based hierarchical routing protocol that is employed in WSNs to extend the network lifetime
The network lifespan for sensor network adopted optimized single mobile sink with stable election algorithm (SEA) approach can be extended by 41%, 39.5%, 22%, and 16% compared to low energy adaptive clustering hierarchy (LEACH), Stable election protocol (SEP), Threshold sensitive energy-efficient sensor network (TEEN), and Distributed energy-efficient clustering (DEEC) respectively
Summary
W IRELESS sensor network (WSN) is the preferred term adopted by the academic scholars to describe the “wireless sensor and control network" or “wireless sensor and actuator network" [1]. WSN is characterized by smallsized devices called sensor nodes which have the ability to sense the surrounding environment and send the sensory data to a centralized base station (sink node). WSNs consist of a tremendous number of sensor nodes that communicate with each other to form the network. The gateway (base station or sink node) has two communication paths, the first is a low-power wireless link to communicate with the sensor nodes, and the second is an Internet connection to store and/or retrieve the data from the cloud. The gateway has an infinite energy source and may execute complex algorithms to curtail the number of data packets before being stored in the cloud. The report of Ericsson mobility articulated that number of IoT-connected devices will increase from seven billion in 2017 to twenty billion in 2023 with 19% annual growth [9].
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