Abstract
Ammonia plays a crucial role in contemporary society, impacting medicine, agriculture, and the chemical industry. The conventional industrial synthesis of NH3 through the Haber-Bosch technique, carried out under severe reaction conditions, leads to substantial energy consumption and environmental pollution. It is thus imperative for NH3 synthesis methods to be investigated under more favorable conditions. Synthesis of ammonia by electrocatalysis can effectively reduce the environmental damage and other urgent problems, which is a promising solution. Metal-nitrogen series batteries (M−N batteries), such as metal-nitrogen gas batteries, metal-nitrogen oxide batteries and metal-oxynitride batteries have been regarded recently as an exemplar of concurrent NH3 synthesis and energy production.Nonetheless, the large-scale application of these batteries is still limited by numerous challenges are currently existing in building high-efficiency M−N batteries, including poor Faradic efficiency and low NH3 yield. Therefore, a comprehensive overview of M−N batteries is offered, specifically focusing on advanced strategies for designing highly efficient cathode catalysts in anticipation of future developments. The metal anodes, cathodic electro-reduction reactions, and design principles are encompassed in the discussion, offering detailed insights to enhance understanding. Mechanisms, feasibility analyses, technoeconomic assessments, device combinations, and comparative evaluations are delved into in the review, contributing to a thorough comprehension of diverse systems and their application potential. Perspectives and opportunities for future research directions are also delineated.
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