Abstract
BackgroundCellulose, the most versatile biomolecule on earth, is available in large quantities from plants. However, cellulose in plants is accompanied by other polymers like hemicellulose, lignin, and pectin. On the other hand, pure cellulose can be produced by some microorganisms, with the most active producer being Acetobacter xylinum. A. senengalensis is a gram-negative, obligate aerobic, motile coccus, isolated from Mango fruits in Senegal, capable of utilizing a variety of sugars and produce cellulose. Besides, the production is also influenced by other culture conditions. Previously, we isolated and identified A. senengalensis MA1, and characterized the bacterial cellulose (BC) produced.ResultsThe maximum cellulose production by A. senengalensis MA1 was pre-optimized for different parameters like carbon, nitrogen, precursor, polymer additive, pH, temperature, inoculum concentration, and incubation time. Further, the pre-optimized parameters were pooled, and the best combination was analyzed by using Central Composite Design (CCD) of Response Surface Methodology (RSM). Maximum BC production was achieved with glycerol, yeast extract, and PEG 6000 as the best carbon and nitrogen sources, and polymer additive, respectively, at 4.5 pH and an incubation temperature of 33.5 °C. Around 20% of inoculum concentration gave a high yield after 30 days of inoculation. The interactions between culture conditions optimized by CCD included alterations in the composition of the HS medium with 50 mL L− 1 of glycerol, 7.50 g L− 1 of yeast extract at pH 6.0 by incubating at a temperature of 33.5 °C along with 7.76 g L− 1 of PEG 6000. This gave a BC yield of wet weight as 469.83 g L− 1.ConclusionThe optimized conditions of growth medium resulted in enhanced production of bacterial cellulose by A. senegalensis MA1, which is around 20 times higher than that produced using an unoptimized HS medium. Further, the cellulose produced can be used in food and pharmaceuticals, for producing high-quality paper, wound dressing material, and nanocomposite films for food packaging.
Highlights
Cellulose, the most versatile biomolecule on earth, is available in large quantities from plants
Nutrient sources on bacterial cellulose (BC) production BC production by A. senegalensis MA1 was evaluated by supplementing with 24 carbon sources, 14 nitrogen sources, different concentrations of UDP-Glucose, and 12 additives
It was observed that the carbon sources, viz., acetic acid, galactose, glycine, lactic acid, malic acid, mannose, oxalic acid, starch, and xylitol did not result in the production of cellulose
Summary
The most versatile biomolecule on earth, is available in large quantities from plants. A. senengalensis is a gram-negative, obligate aerobic, motile coccus, isolated from Mango fruits in Senegal, capable of utilizing a variety of sugars and produce cellulose. G. xylinus strains, which are known to be efficient producers of bacterial cellulose, can produce β-glucosidase [8]. A thermotolerant acetic acid bacterium, isolated in Senegal from mango fruit (Mangifera indica), was found to produce cellulose [9]. The strain, Enterobacter amnigenus GH − 1, was subjected to various natural carbon sources like molasses, starch hydrolysate, sugar cane juice, coconut water, coconut milk, pineapple juice, orange juice, and pomegranate juice for growth and cellulose production [11]. Bacterial cellulose microfibrils from non-conventional sources such as agroindustrial residues of pineapple peel and sugar cane juice were produced by Gluconacetobacter swingsii [12]. The BC produced from the Egyptian Achromobacter sp. had pure structure without any other impurities [14]
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