Abstract
Data prioritization of heterogeneous data in wireless sensor networks gives meaning to mission-critical data that are time-sensitive as this may be a matter of life and death. However, the standard IEEE 802.15.4 does not consider the prioritization of data. Prioritization schemes proffered in the literature have not adequately addressed this issue as proposed schemes either uses a single or complex backoff algorithm to estimate backoff time-slots for prioritized data. Subsequently, the carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance scheme exhibits an exponentially increasing range of backoff times. These approaches are not only inefficient but result in high latency and increased power consumption. In this article, the concept of class of service (CS) was adopted to prioritize heterogeneous data (real-time and non-real-time), resulting in an optimized prioritized backoff MAC scheme called Class of Service Traffic Priority-based Medium Access Control (CSTP-MAC). This scheme classifies data into high priority data (HPD) and low priority data (LPD) by computing backoff times with expressions peculiar to the data priority class. The improved scheme grants nodes the opportunity to access the shared medium in a timely and power-efficient manner. Benchmarked against contemporary schemes, CSTP-MAC attained a 99% packet delivery ratio with improved power saving capability, which translates to a longer operational lifetime.
Highlights
Distance and time are no longer barriers, as people and things communicate with each other anywhere and anytime with the push of a button or gesture control
In the application of Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) in the field of medicine, where Biomedical Sensor are implanted in the body of a patient to monitor blood pressure, body temperature, heartbeat rate, body oxygen level amongst others, data generated by these various body parts are prioritized according to the patients’ medical condition, where time-constrained data are reported in real-time and classified as high priority data (HPD), while delay-tolerant data are classified low priority data (LPD) and reported as non-real-time data
The Unit Disk Graph Medium (UDGM), with distance loss propagation model, was adopted with Constant Bit Rate (CBR) traffic model which is most suitable for resource-constrained devices generating data at a constant rate [20, 29] with maximum frame size set to 127 bytes, which include 25 bytes of MAC Header and 102 bytes of payload [9, 17] operating within the standard operational carrier frequency of 2.4 GHz and channel data rate of 250 kbps [4, 9]
Summary
Distance and time are no longer barriers, as people and things communicate with each other anywhere and anytime with the push of a button or gesture control. Living and non-living things tagged with small and sometime non-noticeable electronic devices called sensor nodes communicate wirelessly by relaying sensed data to either near or remote locations where the data or information is needed for further processing The application of this new technology cuts across every aspect of life such as home, industrial, logistics, aviation, health, manufacturing, and military. The standard IEEE 802.15.4 protocol which manages the operations of nodes is centered on an energy-efficient operation with no attention paid to data prioritization [9, 12], as data streaming through the sensor network are considered to be homogenous This is mostly not the case in real life as most WSN deployments generate heterogeneous data of varying priorities. Slotted CSMA/CA uses the Binary Exponential Backoff (BEB) algorithm to compute a common range of backoff duration, which is the waiting time a node exercises before attempting to access the shared medium of transmission to avoid data collision.
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