Abstract
To the best knowledge of the authors, in all the former studies, a fixed value of X-ray tube voltage has been used for investigating gas–liquid two-phase flow characteristics, while the energy of emitted X-ray radiations that depends on the tube voltage can significantly affect the measurement precision of the system. The purpose of present study is to find the optimum tube voltage to increase the accuracy and efficiency of an intelligent X-ray radiation-based two-phase flow meter. The detection system consists of an industrial X-ray tube and one detector located on either side of a steel pipe. Tube voltages in the range of 125–300 kV with a step of 25 kV were investigated. For each tube voltage, different gas volume percentages (GVPs) in the range of 10–90% with a step of 5% were modeled. A feature extraction method was performed on the output signals of the detector in every case, and the obtained matrixes were applied to the designed radial basis function neural networks (RBFNNs). The desired output of the networks was GVP. The precision of the networks in every voltage and every number of neurons in the hidden layer were obtained. The results showed that 225 kV tube voltage is the optimum voltage for this purpose. The obtained mean absolute error (MAE) for this case is less than 0.05, which demonstrates the very high precision of the metering system with an optimum X-ray tube voltage.
Highlights
The intensity of X-ray spectra are increased by increasing the tube voltage, the intensity difference between two successive tube voltages is reduced
The voltage of the X-ray tube was optimized in order to increase the precision and efficiency of the X-ray radiation-based flow meters
This optimization study was performed in an annular two-phase flow
Summary
Two-phase flow is receiving increasing attention from researchers in different study fields. The GVP and flow regime are the most important parameters utilized to measure gas–liquid two-phase flow characteristics. There are a few sustainable nondestructive techniques such as electrical capacitance [1], electromagnetic [2], ultrasonic [3], and gamma [4]/X-ray [5]/neutron [6] radiation attenuation to determine the mentioned parameters in two-phase flows. In the last few decades, numerous researchers have conducted different investigations on measuring characteristics of two-phase flows using X-ray radiation.
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