Abstract
This study aimed to determine optimum conditions of the ultrasound assited extraction (UAS) parameters for different solvent types by using response surface methodology (RSM) and Box- Behnken design. The model parameters namely, time, temperature and ultrasound power significantly affected TPC value of the propolis extract (P < 0.05). The optimum process parameters were determined as 2.95 min, 58.61 °C and 615.26 W for ethanol, 3 min, 60°C and 580 W for dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO), 3 min, 59 °C and 591 W for Propylene glycol (PG) and 2.70 min, 59.19 °C and 591.73 W for distilled water (DW). The extracts obtained from optimum conditions were compared with conventional solvent extraction methods (CSE). The chrysin was determined as a major phenolic compound and its value significantly differed based on the extraction and solvent types (P < 0.05). This study suggested that the ethanolic extracts obtained from UAS could be used as natural antimicrobial and antioxidant source.
Highlights
Propolis is a complex bee product that honey bees (Apis mellifera) produce from the exudates of various plants, buds, wax, pollen, leaf pieces, and sprouts after subjecting some enzymatic changes
It is clear from the figure that total phenolic content (TPC) values increased as the extraction time, temperature and ultrasound power increased for all solvent applications except Propylene glycol (PG)
When we examine the literature studies, it can be seen that the individual phenolic content of propolis extracts varies according to the solvent used, method and the region where the propolis is taken (Rivero-Cruz et al, 2020)
Summary
Propolis is a complex bee product that honey bees (Apis mellifera) produce from the exudates of various plants, buds, wax, pollen, leaf pieces, and sprouts after subjecting some enzymatic changes. Many compounds have been isolated from propolis, aromatic acids, esters, chalcones, phenolic compounds (Nna et al, 2018; Pobiega et al, 2019). Propolis bioactive compounds have been linked to various health benefits such as being anti-diabetic (Kang et al, 2010), anti-inflammatory (Moura et al, 2011) and antimicrobial properties (AL-Ani et al, 2018). These bioactive and health beneficial properties are due to total phenolic compounds and their distribution. Individual phenolic compounds of the propolis should be determined to characterize the bioactive properties of propolis
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