Abstract
The recovery of bioactive compounds from waste and modification of their properties by encapsulation are the main challenges today. In this study, the ultrasound-assisted extraction of antioxidants from orange peels was optimized using a central composite design. Ethanol (50%, v/v) was the solvent of choice for their extraction. The obtained total antioxidant contents were fitted using the second-order polynomial equation. The optimal conditions were the extraction time of 30 min, temperature of 60 °C, and the liquid-to-solid ratio of 15 mL/g. After that, the optimal extract was encapsulated in alginate-chitosan beads to modify the release of antioxidants under gastrointestinal tract conditions. The average size of beads was 252 µm, while the encapsulation efficiency was 89.2%. The results of the FTIR analysis indicated that there are no interactions between compounds of the extract and alginate-chitosan. In vitro release studies showed an initial rapid and then slow release of antioxidants. This release followed the simple Fickian diffusion. The encapsulation of orange peel extract provided improvement in the delivery of antioxidants after gastrointestinal digestion. The obtained encapsulated beads can be applied as the natural active ingredient of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceutical products.
Highlights
According to the standards and requirements of the European Union, there are special legal regulations and procedures related to the procedure of storage and destruction of waste
The one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) optimization method analyzes the influence of only one parameter on the system response [21]
The local optimal conditions are possible to obtain using the OVAT, while the use of central composite design (CCD) leads to the global optimization conditions
Summary
According to the standards and requirements of the European Union, there are special legal regulations and procedures related to the procedure of storage and destruction of waste. Because of these reasons, large corporations in the food industry have a growing problem of destruction, recycling, and storage of waste generated during the production process. It is known that orange peels are rich in bioactive components, such as dietary fiber, pigments, essential oils, antioxidant phenolic compounds [1]. The recovery of these compounds, especially phenolic antioxidants from orange peel waste, is carried out before their final disposition at the landfill. The growing interest of consumers in the use of natural antioxidants caused the development of extraction procedures for the recovery of these compounds from orange peel waste
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