Abstract
Objectives. There has been a rapid increase in the number of diabetic patients since the past few decades in developed and developing countries. This rapid increase is accompanied by alarming costs of treatment. α-Glucosidase inhibitors are one of the most effective drugs employed for the reduction of postprandial hyperglycemia to manage Type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additionally, flavonoids, a group of natural substances, which are widely distributed in plants and possess variable phenolic structures, exhibit outstanding hypoglycemic activity and are considered as potential α-glucosidase inhibitors. In Vietnam, Persicaria pulchra (Bl.) Soják (P. pulchra) is employed in traditional medications. It possesses high flavonoid contents and its anti-diabetes ability has been hypothesized, although it has attracted less attention for investigation. Hence, the aim of this study is to optimize the condition of the P. pulchra extract to obtain the highest total flavonoid content and measure the bioactivities of P. pulchra, such as the anti-α-glucosidase and antioxidant activities.Methods. The effects of the extracting conditions, including the temperature, extraction time, liquid-to-solid ratio (LSR), and ethanol (C2H5OH) concentration, on the total flavonoid content are investigated via experiments and analyzed by the response surface methodology (RSM). Concurrently, the optimal extraction also determines the anti-α-glucosidase and antioxidant activities.Results. The optimal extraction condition for the highest flavonoid content (530 mg quercetin/g) is determined in 60 min, at 53°C, with LSR of 9.46 g/g and C2H5OH concentration of 62%. Moreover, the optimal plant extract exhibits good α-glucosidase inhibition with a half-maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of 22.67 mg/mL, compared to the positive control (acarbose −7.77 g/mL). Additionally, P. pulchra is proposed to be a potential antioxidant with an IC50 of ~12.68 µg/mL.Conclusions. The study confirmed the optimal extraction condition of P. pulchra that will obtain the highest total flavonoid content and revealed the potentials of P. pulchra in α-glucosidase inhibition and antioxidation.
Highlights
Diabetes is rapidly becoming one of the most severe diseases of the 21st century largely because of current unhealthy lifestyles, like the consumption of greasy food and lack of exercise [1]
Type 1 diabetes is an autoimmune disease that is caused by the self-destruction of β-pancreatic cells, which are key to insulin production while Type 2 diabetes is caused by insufficient insulin secretion or insulin resistance of cells [5, 6]
The third form of diabetes is common with pregnant women because of significant changes in their hormones during pregnancy, which could manifest in an increase in the blood glucose level [4]
Summary
Diabetes is rapidly becoming one of the most severe diseases of the 21st century largely because of current unhealthy lifestyles, like the consumption of greasy food and lack of exercise [1]. This disease accounted for the deaths of about 4 mln people in 2017, along with its accompanying huge cost of treatment The disease is mainly divided into three groups: Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes [4]. According to a previous study, diabetes mellitus is risky and can cause death because of its life-threatening complications, such as coronary artery disease, heart failure, retinopathy, nephropathy, and atherosclerosis [4, 7]
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