Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic condition that affects millions of people worldwide. The present paper investigates the bulk sensitivity of silicon and silicon nitride strip waveguides in the transverse electric (TE) mode. At 1550 nm wavelength, silicon on insulator (SOI) and silicon nitride (Si3N4) are two distinct waveguides of the same geometry structure that can react to refractive changes around the waveguide surface. This article examines the response of two silicon-based waveguide structures to the refractive index of urine samples (human renal fluids) to diagnose diabetes mellitus. An asymmetric Mach–Zehnder interferometer has waveguide sensing and a reference arm with a device that operates in the transverse electric (TE) mode. 3D FDTD simulated waveguide width 800 nm, thickness 220 nm, and analyte thickness 130 nm give the bulk sensitivity of 1.09 (RIU/RIU) and 1.04 (RIU/RIU) for silicon and silicon nitride, respectively, high compared to the regular transverse magnetic (TM) mode strip waveguides. Furthermore, the proposed design gives simple fabrication, contrasting sharply with the state-of-the-art 220 nm wafer technology.
Highlights
Diabetes mellitus causes kidney failure, stroke, heart attacks, eye blindness, and lower limb amputation [1]. e traditional method for monitoring diabetes mellitus is an analysis of glucose concentration in human blood samples and plasma separated from blood [2]
The glucose concentration indicates very high as compared to the urine sample, the level of glucose is seen small in the range of 0 to 15 mg/dl, and glucose present in urine is identified as the “renal threshold of glucose (RTG).” [3]
Morning urine samples have taken the mean value of the refractive index ranging from 1.336 ± 0.0019, and some random samples’ refractive index is 1.335 ± 0.0017 [3]. e refractive index of glucose concentration in urine is susceptible to the transmission spectrum
Summary
Diabetes mellitus causes kidney failure, stroke, heart attacks, eye blindness, and lower limb amputation [1]. e traditional method for monitoring diabetes mellitus is an analysis of glucose concentration in human blood samples and plasma separated from blood [2]. Silicon photonic biosensing technology provides a new opportunity to analyze glucose concentration present in urine with optimized waveguide structures [6]. E structure is designed to detect spectral changes over the waveguide surface of silicon and silicon nitride due to high glucose concentration present in the urine sample. E silicon nitride (Si3N4) strip waveguide platform used to design low-loss photonic integrated chip (
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