Abstract
This paper focuses on the optimum design of the e-CLT technology. The e-CLT technology consists in adding cross laminated timber (CLT) walls to an existing reinforced concrete (RC) infilled frame via asymmetric friction connection (AFC). The authors carried out quasi-static and nonlinear dynamic analyses. The RC frame is modeled in OpenSees by fiber-section-based elements with force-based formulation. The contribution of the infill is simulated using a degrading data-driven Bouc–Wen model with a slip-lock element while the AFC is modelled with a modified Coulomb model. Different types of infill, aspect ratio, scaling, and member size are considered. The benefits of using e-CLT technology are discussed and the ranges of optimum performance of the AFC are estimated. A comparison of the performance of traditional infills with the e-CLT system is presented. The authors provide optimum intervals of the ratio between slip force and in-plane stiffness of the CLT panel, following energy and displacement-based criteria. The seismic displacement demand under various seismic scenario is investigated. Correlations between the RC characteristics and the optimum design ratios bestow possible criteria for the design of the AFC.
Highlights
In seismic-prone areas, many structures lack proper seismic details since they have been designed without proper seismic provisions or before implementing seismic codes and guidelines (Perrone et al 2019)
This section examines the results of nonlinear dynamic analyses of the considered six reinforced concrete (RC) frames coupled with asymmetric friction connection (AFC) and cross laminated timber (CLT) panel
The e-CLT technology aims at improving the seismic performance of existing RC structures using an external retrofitting system based on CLT panels and asymmetric friction connections (AFC)
Summary
In seismic-prone areas, many structures lack proper seismic details since they have been designed without proper seismic provisions or before implementing seismic codes and guidelines (Perrone et al 2019). Within external retrofit systems, Bolis et al (2017), Di Trapani et al (2020), Takeuchi et al (2010) introduced the concept of “Integrated Façade” to improve the seismic performance of buildings using seismic energy dissipation devices appended from outside of the building In this field, there are multiple pieces of research about the use of external structures connected to the main one using dissipating devices, like friction dampers (Jaisee et al 2021). Non-secondarily, the researches on friction dampers optimize the slip force in friction devices in case of retrofitting systems different from the e-CLT, i.e. there is no contribution of the CLT panel The limits of these studies and the originality of the e-CLT system support the investigation of the effect of RC frame characteristics on the optimization of the slip force in the e-CLT system. A parametric study is presented in Sect. 7, where the optimization is carried out under different choices of the aspect ratio of the RC frame
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