Abstract
This recent study deals with the optimization of the mechanical performance of Grade 2 and Grade 4 titanium with Conform severe plastic deformation (SPD) processing and subsequent rotary swaging. A comprehensive study of the materials behaviour and characterisation during and after processing is given by (finite element method - FEM) numerical simulation, microscopy methods and mechanical testing. The mechanical and fatigue properties are discussed in terms of texture and microstructure evolution. It is shown that the combination of Conform SPD and rotary swaging is a promising technique for economically reliable, high-gain production of titanium alloys fulfilling requirements for biomedical applications. Such a processing can improve the mechanical properties of the unalloyed titanium to the level of the commonly used Ti-6Al-4V.
Highlights
The investigated materials, titanium alloys Grade 2 and Grade 4, have been used for bio-implants for many years, thanks to their very good biocompatibility
The FE software DEFORM was used for in-depth investigation of the Conform severe plastic deformation (SPD) process
This is consistent with the strain rate distribution, where the highest values are at the bottom of the shear deformation zone
Summary
The investigated materials, titanium alloys Grade 2 and Grade 4, have been used for bio-implants for many years, thanks to their very good biocompatibility. Titanium Grade 4 is known as the strongest of the four Grades of commercially pure titanium, with a minimum yield strength of 480 MPa. Titanium. Grade 4 exhibits the highest content of oxygen and iron out of all commercially pure titanium grades. This grade is well-known for its good balance of biological and mechanical properties. Commercially pure (CP) titanium alloys exhibit lower mechanical properties in comparison with titanium Grade 5 (TiAl6V4 alloy). The mechanical properties are a critical issue in the case of dental implants and orthopaedic screws. In order to meet high requirements for specific surgical applications, improved processing paths are necessary to allow the use of high strength CP grades not containing potentially harmful elements V and Al [1,2,3,4]
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