Abstract
BackgroundIn this study, a central composite design (CCD) was used for modeling and optimizing the operation parameters such as pH, initial tetracycline and persulfate concentration and reaction time on the tetracycline degradation using sono-activated persulfate process. The effect of temperature, degradation kinetics and mineralization, were also investigated.ResultsThe results from CCD indicated that a quadratic model was appropriate to fit the experimental data (p < 0.0001) and maximum degradation of 95.01 % was predicted at pH = 10, persulfate concentration = 4 mM, initial tetracycline concentration = 30.05 mg/L, and reaction time = 119.99 min. Analysis of response surface plots revealed a significant positive effect of pH, persulfate concentration and reaction time, a negative effect of tetracycline concentration. The degradation process followed the pseudo-first-order kinetic. The activation energy value of 32.01 kJ/mol was obtained for US/S2O82- process. Under the optimum condition, the removal efficiency of COD and TOC reached to 72.8 % and 59.7 %, respectively. The changes of UV–Vis spectra during the process was investigated. The possible degradation pathway of tetracycline based on loses of N-methyl, hydroxyl, and amino groups was proposed.ConclusionsThis study indicated that sono-activated persulfate process was found to be a promising method for the degradation of tetracycline.
Highlights
In this study, a central composite design (CCD) was used for modeling and optimizing the operation parameters such as pH, initial tetracycline and persulfate concentration and reaction time on the tetracycline degradation using sono-activated persulfate process
Tetracycline (TC) is extensively used for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in human and veterinary medicine and as feed additives for promote growth in agriculture [1, 2]. Because of their extensive usage, their strongly hydrophilic feature, low volatility [2] and relatively long half-life [3], TC antibiotic has been frequently detected in different environmental matrices: surface waters (0.07-1.34 μg/L) [4], soils (86.2-198.7 μg/ kg) [5], liquid manures (0.05-5.36 μg/kg) [5] and in 90 % of farm lagoon samples (>3 μg/L) [6]
The water used in all experiments was purified by a Milli- Q system
Summary
A central composite design (CCD) was used for modeling and optimizing the operation parameters such as pH, initial tetracycline and persulfate concentration and reaction time on the tetracycline degradation using sono-activated persulfate process. Tetracycline (TC) is extensively used for the prevention and treatment of infectious diseases in human and veterinary medicine and as feed additives for promote growth in agriculture [1, 2]. Because of their extensive usage, their strongly hydrophilic feature, low volatility [2] and relatively long half-life [3], TC antibiotic has been frequently detected in different environmental matrices: surface waters (0.07-1.34 μg/L) [4], soils (86.2-198.7 μg/ kg) [5], liquid manures (0.05-5.36 μg/kg) [5] and in 90 % of farm lagoon samples (>3 μg/L) [6].
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