Optimization of proton therapy eye-treatment systems toward improved clinical performances

Abstract

The treatment protocols of cancerous ocular diseases with proton therapy are well established, and dedicated eye-treatment systems can produce the clinical beam properties that meet the peculiar features required by eye-treatment modalities. However, for general-purpose multiroom systems comprising eye-treatment beamlines and nozzles, the design and commissioning procedures must be optimized to achieve the performances of fully dedicated systems in terms of depth-dose distal falloff, lateral penumbra, and dose rate. This paper presents a realistic start-to-end beam transport and particle-matter interactions model of the ion beam applications Proteus\textregistered{} Plus $(\mathrm{P}+)$ single-scattering eye-treatment room with Beam Delivery SIMulation (bdsim) using Geant4. The model is used to establish optimization patterns in terms of beam optics to achieve a smaller depth-dose distal falloff than the design baseline while maintaining a nominal dose rate and lateral flatness of the dose deposition profile. An alternative design is proposed to increase the dose rate further by up to a factor 3, allowing for delivering a complete hypofractionated treatment session under 60 s. It uses a beam-stopping device to complement the existing scattering features of the nozzle. An in-depth study of the system is performed using bdsim and the numerical simulations are discussed in detail.