Abstract
Friction materials, mainly made of reinforced composites, should possess excellent physical and tribological properties, such as a higher coefficient of friction, minimum wear, adequate surface hardness, and higher porosity for various automotive brake applications. Attainment of those properties greatly depends on the settings of different input parameters, such as molding pressure, temperature and time, temperature and time of heat treatment/sintering, etc., during the processing of friction materials. In this article, four multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) tools, i.e., technique for order of preference by similarity to ideal solution (TOPSIS), evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS), VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), and multi-objective optimization on the basis of ratio analysis (MOORA) are applied to identify the optimal parametric combinations for two different friction materials. A comparative analysis of the derived results suggests the same optimal parametric mixes for all the MCDM techniques for both case studies. Thus, for the considered case studies, the optimal parametric combinations as molding time = 8 min, molding temperature = 175 °C, molding pressure = 27 MPa, sintering time = 10 h and sintering temperature = 225 °C, and molding pressure = 27.90 MPa, molding temperature = 170 °C, curing time = 8 min, and heat treatment time = 1 h, respectively, would help in attaining the most desired properties of friction materials. Improvements in the predicted response values prove the efficacy of the adopted MCDM techniques in determining the optimal combinations of various process parameters for friction materials.
Highlights
Friction materials are usually made of composites, having large varieties of powders and fibrous ingredients as reinforcements
This article deals with the applications of four popular multi-criteria decision-making (MCDM) techniques, i.e., TOPSIS, evaluation based on distance from average solution (EDAS), VlseKriterijumska Optimizacija I Kompromisno Resenje (VIKOR), and MOORA methods for determining the optimal settings of manufacturing process parameters for two friction materials used in automotive brakes
Based on the derived results, the following conclusions can be drawn: (a) All the considered MCDM techniques appear to be quite suitable for solving these types of multi-objective parametric optimization problems for friction materials having conflicting physical as well as tribological properties
Summary
Friction materials are usually made of composites, having large varieties of powders and fibrous ingredients as reinforcements These materials should have a high coefficient of friction, minimum wear, adequate surface hardness, and high porosity for different automotive brake applications. A hot compression molding process is generally employed for the preparation of friction materials, which consists of thorough mixing of all the constituents, molding at controlled pressure and temperature, followed by sintering During this production process, optimal levels of several input parameters need to be critically selected in order to achieve the desired physical and tribological properties of friction materials, which is a difficult task to achieve due to the involvement of multiple conflicting objectives.
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