Abstract
Research on the transformation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) through pretreatment process using ionic liquid triethylammonium hydrogen sulphate (IL [TEA][HSO4]) was completed. The stages of the transformation process carried out were the synthesis of IL with the one-spot method, optimization of IL composition and pretreatment temperature, and IL recovery. The success of the IL synthesis stage was analyzed by FTIR, H-NMR and TGA. Based on the results obtained, it showed that IL [TEA][HSO4] was successfully synthesized. This was indicated by the presence of IR absorption at 1/λ = 2814.97 cm−1, 1401.07 cm−1, 1233.30 cm−1 and 847.92 cm−1 which were functional groups for NH, CH3, CN and SO2, respectively. These results were supported by H-NMR data at δ (ppm) = 1.217–1.236 (N–CH2–CH3), 3.005–3.023 (–H), 3.427–3.445 (N–H+) and 3.867 (N+H3). The TGA results showed that the melting point and decomposition temperature of the IL were 49 °C and 274.3 °C, respectively. Based on pretreatment optimization, it showed that the best IL composition for cellulose production was 85 wt%. Meanwhile, temperature optimization showed that the best temperature was 120 °C. In these two optimum conditions, the cellulose content was obtained at 45.84 wt%. Testing of IL [TEA][HSO4] recovery performance for reuse has shown promising results. During the pretreatment process, IL [TEA][HSO4] recovery effectively increased the cellulose content of OPEFB to 29.13 wt% and decreased the lignin content to 32.57%. The success of the recovery process is indicated by the increasing density properties of IL [TEA][HSO4]. This increase occurs when using a temperature of 80–100 °C. The overall conditions obtained from this work suggest that IL [TEA][HSO4] was effective during the transformation process of OPEFB into cellulose. This shows the potential of IL [TEA][HSO4] in the future in the renewable energy sector.
Highlights
The transformation of Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) waste as a raw material for renewable energy sources, especially in bioethanol production, has still been the concern of many researchers
The success of the Ionic Liquid (IL) [TEA][HSO4] synthesis process was confirmed by the shift in the absorption peak for wave number 1438 cm−1 to 1474.93 cm−1 which characterized the CH2 functional group, as well as the shift in wave number 1048.18 cm−1 to 1063.00 cm−1 which characterizes the SO functional group
The ability of IL [TEA][HSO4] to transform OPEFB through pretreatment process was investigated in this work
Summary
The transformation of OPEFB waste as a raw material for renewable energy sources, especially in bioethanol production, has still been the concern of many researchers. A combination of these two methods is often carried out such as the combination of the hydrothermal method with sulfuric acid This method can improve the purity of cellulose and enzyme performance during the bioethanol production process, these methods have an impact on the high use of hazardous chemical solvents during the pretreatment process which can cause new environmental problems[22]. Another impact that has been reported is how pretreatment such as physical pretreatment can affect the properties of cellulose[23]. Humidity tolerance, and in dissolving cellulose requires a low moisture content, this is in contrast to the high moisture content of the biomass
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