Abstract
The incidence of skin cancer in Indonesia reaches 6-8%, so the skin needs effective protection. Zinc Oxide (ZnO) is a sunscreen with Sun Protecting Factor (SPF) 50 which is able to reduce exposure to Ultraviolet rays. ZnO is difficult to dissolve in water making an obstacle if dispersed in a hydro gel matrix, so it is formulated into a Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) preparation. SNEDDS formula was made using tween 80 as surfactant, propylene glycol as a co-surfactant, and olive oil. The optimum proportion of the three components was optimized with the D-Optimal method using Design Expert Stat-Ease 9 Trial software. Software obtained 16 formulas which were tested for physical stability response: transmittance value (%) and pH value. SNEDDS optimum formula was compared with the D-Optimal prediction formula using the student's t-test statistical analysis (p>0.05), the loading dose of ZnO, Particle Size Analysis, and Zeta Potential. The optimum proportion of propylene glycol, tween 80, and olive oil making up SNEDDS were 9.9%: 81%: 9.1% respectively. The result of the percent transmittance response was 92.30% and the pH value was 7.20. Software prediction results: transmittance value was 92.59% and pH value was 7.37. Statistical analysis of one sample t-test showed no difference between observations and D-Optimal predictions. SNEDDS was able to load 2.0 mg ZnO/gram SNEDDS with a particle size of 150.2 nm; polydispersity index of 0.54 and zeta potential of -28.50 mV. The SPF value of SNEDDS ZnO was 16.
Highlights
Three components in determining the composition of the Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SNEDDS) formula consisting of olive oil (A), tween 80 (B) surfactant, and propylene glycol (C) cosurfactant were determined as independent variables with percent transmittance values (%) and pH value as response variables
The results obtained from D-Optimal were 16 run formulas with different compositions of oil; surfactant; co-surfactant where the total of each component was 100% and total weight of SNEDDS formula was 5.0 grams
The optimum proportion of composition based on D-Optimal method with physical characteristics of transmittance and pH value was olive oil: tween 80: propylene glycol of 9.1%: 81%: 9.9% where the interaction of olive oil and propylene glycol would increase the transmittance value but reducing the pH value
Summary
Indonesia is a tropical country that is (Cefali et al, 2016; Kulkarni et al, 2014). crossed by the equator line. This situation Human’s skin, when getting too much causes the region of Indonesia to be always exposure of UV rays for a long period, will be exposed to sunlight with high intensity, where susceptible to cancer, sunburn, eye damage the sunlight contains ultraviolet (UV). SNEDDS (Self-Nanoemulsifying Drug Delivery System) is a technique to reduce the particle size of water insoluble material such as ZnO. The SNEDDS formula consist of olive oil, tween 80 as surfactant, and propylene glycol as co-surfactant. Propylene glycol helps the surfactant to reduce the surface tension between oil and water so able to reduce the ZnO particle size. The proportions of composition of olive oil, tween 80, and propylene glycol in SNEDDS formula are not yet known with certainty so optimization is performed. The costs used are lesser due to the small number of experimental treatments (Zen et al, 2015)
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