Abstract
The effects of processing parameters on essential oil and pectin extractions from orange peels were investigated using response surface approach; 2 × 5 and 3 × 5 central composite rotatable designs were adopted for the essential oil and pectin extractions, respectively. Extraction temperatures (80–100 °C) and extraction times (120–240 min) were chosen for essential oil extraction, while extraction temperatures (80–100 min), extraction times (60–120 min), and extraction pH (1.0–3.0) were chosen for pectin extraction. Essential oil yield ranged from 0.57–3.24%, while pectin yield ranged from 12.93–29.05%. The predicted optimum value for essential oil yield was 3.38% at extraction temperature of 95.23 °C and extraction time of 231.30 min, while the predicted optimum value for pectin yield was 30.00% at extraction temperature of 93.07 oC, extraction time of 117.00 min, and extraction pH of 1.60. Deviations between experimental and predicted values were low and statistically insignificant. All processing factors have significant effects on both extractions. The physicochemical properties of the essential oil and pectin extracted at the optimum conditions fell within tolerable and acceptable range.
Highlights
Citrus represents one of the major fruits in the world
The fruits belong to six genera (Fortunella, Eremocitrus, Clymendia, Poncirus, Microcitrus, and Citrus), but the major commercial fruits belong to genus Citrus which consists of several important fruits, viz. oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit, mandarins, and pomeloes (Chanthaphon et al 2008)
13 experiments were generated consisting of 22 factorial CCD, with 4 axial points (α = 2) and 5 replications at the center points, while for pectin extraction, 20 experiments were generated consisting of 23 factorial CCD, with 6 axial points (α = 2) and 6 replications at the center points
Summary
Citrus represents one of the major fruits in the world. The fruits belong to six genera (Fortunella, Eremocitrus, Clymendia, Poncirus, Microcitrus, and Citrus), but the major commercial fruits belong to genus Citrus which consists of several important fruits, viz. oranges, lemons, limes, grapefruit, mandarins, and pomeloes (Chanthaphon et al 2008). The sweet orange (Citrus sinensis) is the most commonly grown tree fruit in the world (Pandharipande and Makode 2012). Orange fruits are majorly utilized by juice processing industries, with the peels categorized as wastes. Orange peels are discarded inside waste container because people love the orange pulp for its juicy pulp and Essential oils are mixtures of many compounds consisting mainly of isoprenoids, monoterpenes, and sesquiterpenes (Marin et al 2007). They are a group of volatile aromatic compounds produced by several plant species.
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