OPTIMIZATION OF OATS CULTIVATION TECHNOLOGY IN THE SOUTH DAGESTAN CONDITIONS

Abstract

In the climatic conditions of Dagestan, where the winter is mild, oat sowing can be carried out in the autumn months after harvesting the main predecessors. In the agrotechnics of oat cultivation, the technology of tillage is of great importance. The main task of pre-sowing tillage is the formation of a finely lumpy layer at the depth of sowing seeds. The formation of a dense seed "bed", which will ensure a constant flow of moisture to the seeds, their uniform placement in a row at an optimal depth and compaction of seeds with a loose layer of soil to create the best conditions for the growth and development of oat plants, their preservation until harvest.Agricultural technology of culture is studied by different authors on a wide range of indicators. Along with such breeding-valuable traits as ecological plasticity, adaptive potential, yield stability, responsiveness to the agrophone, resistance to biotic and abiotic factors, productive stem density, plant habit, coarse-graininess, which is typical for intensive varieties, it is also important to take into account the seeding rate. The aim of the study is a comprehensive laboratory and field study of oat samples from the world gene pool of VIR to identify promising varieties in connection with their possible use in the conditions of modern intensive farming culture. Using the example of one of the selected promising varieties to determine the effect of the seeding rate on grain yield. The work was carried out at the Dagestan experimental station - VIR branch (2019-2021) in the conditions of the Southern foothill zone of Dagestan, where light chestnut, heavy loamy, saline-saline soils predominate; irrigated agriculture; autumn and spring sowing periods. 150 varieties of various ecological and geographical origin and systematic affiliation were studied. The Podgorny variety (k-13559, Adygea), zoned across the North Caucasus region, was used as the standard. Oats were evaluated for resistance to fungal diseases (powdery mildew, crown rust), productive stem, coarse grain and productivity. 12 productive varieties of foreign and domestic breeding have been identified. In the systematic aspect, they are represented by two species – A.sativa L. and A.byzantina C.Koch. Including an early-stage sample (k-15503, var. aurea, Ukraine) with a yield of 908 g/m2, recommended as a promising variety and a yield source, on the example of which the influence of the seeding rate on grain yield in the conditions of Southern Dagestan was studied. Oats are a spring crop, the experience was laid down in a threefold repetition during the spring sowing period. Three variants were evaluated in accordance with the seeding rate: 250, 350 and 450 pcs. seeds/m2, respectively. For comparison, an experiment was conducted at the second seeding rate and the winter sowing period, which allowed a comparative assessment of the productivity of the variety in two sowing periods and its characteristics at three seeding rates of spring sowing. During winter sowing of spring crops, where the climatic conditions of the region allow, like the mild winters of Southern Dagestan, the duration of the growing season is artificially lengthened. At the same time, as a rule, there is an increase in yield compared to spring sowing. The variety demonstrates the maximum genetic potential. During winter sowing, the panicle is formed longer, more spikelets are laid on it, but fewer grains are formed due to damage by the oatmeal Swedish fly, which leads to a decrease in the mass of grain from the panicle. There is an unambiguous pattern in the change in the productive stem in connection with the seeding rate - a gradual increase and reaching a maximum during winter sowing. The analysis of the results shows a close positive relationship between the productive stem and the grain weight per 1 m2. Signs reach their maximum value during winter sowing. The mass of 1000 grains changes slightly with a change in the seeding rate, the range is 35.3-35.9 g, decreasing with winter sowing to 33.7 g. Probably, the laying of more spikelets during development is accompanied by the formation of fine grain. The results of experiments to study the effect of the seeding rate on the yield of a promising variety of early oats in the conditions of Southern Dagestan showed that the highest yield is observed at the seeding rate of 450 seeds, the lowest - at 250 pcs./m2.