Abstract
Objective: This work aimed to determine the optimal extraction conditions of Mahkota dewa using different extraction methods: microwave-assistedextraction with ethanol (MAE-ethanol), ultrasonic-assisted extraction using a choline chloride natural deep eutectic solvent (UAE-NADES), andSoxhlet and reflux extractions.Methods: Experimental design was performed through Box-Behnken. The efficiency of the methods was evaluated based on the total phenolic content(TPC) and antioxidant activity. The presence of relevant compounds was qualitatively assessed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC).Results: For the MAE-ethanol method, optimum extraction was achieved with 65% ethanol, in 1 min under 30% microwave power, and a 1:12 sample–solvent ratio, which yielded a TPC and antioxidant activity of 62.79±0.74 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE)/g powder and 30.48±0.32%, respectively. InUAE-NADES, the optimal conditions were choline chloride: lactic acid ratio of 1:4 with a 50% water addition, 20 min extraction (TPC and antioxidantactivity of 65.25 mg GAE/g powder and 26.45±0.02%). The Soxhlet and reflux methods gave a TPC of 49.68±0.59 and 50.98±0.54 mg GAE/g powder,and antioxidant activity of 22.87±0.13% and 25.97±0.34%, respectively. Qualitative HPLC analysis showed the presence of quercetin, mahkoside A,4,6-dihydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-2-O-β-D-glucopyranoside, and mangiferin.Conclusion: MAE-ethanol was more efficient than the conventional Soxhlet and reflux methods and performed similarly to UAE-NADES in terms of TPC.
Highlights
Mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa [Scheff.] Boerl.) is a species of shrub of the Thymelaeaceae family and is indigenous to New Guinea, the second-largest island in the world [1]
The pharmacological activity of Mahkota dewa comes from the phenolic content which acts as an antioxidant agent [4]
The efficiency of the methods was evaluated based on the total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant activity
Summary
Mahkota dewa (Phaleria macrocarpa [Scheff.] Boerl.) is a species of shrub of the Thymelaeaceae family and is indigenous to New Guinea, the second-largest island in the world [1]. This plant has several common names, such as simalakama (Sumatra), makutadewa (Java), makuto rojo or makuto ratu (Central Java), and raja obat (Banten) [2]. Mahkota dewa was proven to inhibit the angiotensin-converting enzyme, which leads to a decrease in blood pressure. The pharmacological activity of Mahkota dewa comes from the phenolic content which acts as an antioxidant agent [4]
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