Abstract
The carbonation rate of reinforced concrete is influenced by three parameters, namely temperature, relative humidity, and concentration of carbon dioxide (CO2) in the surroundings. As knowledge of the service lifespan of reinforced concrete is crucial in terms of corrosion, the carbonation process is important to study, and high-performance durable reinforced concretes can be produced to prolong the effects of corrosion. To examine carbonation resistance, accelerated carbonation testing was conducted in accordance with the standards of BS 1881-210:2013. In this study, 10–30% of micro palm oil fuel ash (mPOFA) and 0.5–1.5% of nano-POFA (nPOFA) were incorporated into concrete mixtures to determine the optimum amount for achieving the highest carbonation resistance after 28 days water curing and accelerated CO2 conditions up to 70 days of exposure. The effect of carbonation on concrete specimens with the inclusion of mPOFA and nPOFA was investigated. The carbonation depth was identified by phenolphthalein solution. The highest carbonation resistance of concrete was found after the inclusion of 10% mPOFA and 0.5% nPOFA, while the lowest carbonation resistance was found after the inclusion of 30% mPOFA and 1.5% nPOFA.
Highlights
Durability of concrete is a major concern when exposed to aggressive environments, especially chloride and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) causing chlorination and carbonation, respectively
The lower loss on ignition (LOI) values emphasize that the quality of treated palm oil fuel ash (POFA) improves compared with raw POFA
After the treatment of raw POFA, the LOI value is reduced by 28.75% and 33.33% for micro palm oil fuel ash (mPOFA) and nPOFA, respectively
Summary
Durability of concrete is a major concern when exposed to aggressive environments, especially chloride and carbon dioxide (CO2 ) causing chlorination and carbonation, respectively. These ions induce the corrosion of embedded steel rebars [1]. Once the steel rebar starts to corrode, the corrosion products induce internal expansion, resulting in cracks and spalling, which leads to the failure of concrete structures [2]. Chlorination can affect the durability of concrete more often than carbonation [3]. Carbonation occurs once calcium carbonate (CaCO3 ) forms [4]. The formation of CaCO3 occurs when calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2 )
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