Abstract
Manganese is a critical metal for the steelmaking industry, and it is expected that its world demand will be increasingly affected by the growing market of lithium-ion batteries. In addition to the increasing importance of manganese, its recycling is mainly determined by trends in the recycling of iron and steel. The recovery of manganese by solvent extraction has been widely investigated; however, the interaction of different variables affecting the process is generally not assessed. In this study, the solvent extraction of manganese from a solution based on lithium-ion batteries was modeled and optimized using factorial designs of experiments and the response surface methodology. Under optimized conditions (O:A of 1.25:1, pH 3.25, and 0.5 M bis(2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (D2EHPA)), extractions above 70% Mn were reached in a single extraction stage with a coextraction of less than 5% Co, which was mostly removed in two scrubbing stages. A stripping product containing around 23 g/L Mn and around 0.3 g/L Co can be obtained under optimized conditions (O:A of 8:1, 1 M H2SO4 and around 13 min of contact time) in one stripping stage.
Highlights
Manganese is one of the most abundant metals in the Earth’s crust; manganese is highly dispersed, and minerals are widely distributed
The coextraction of Co, Ni, and Li after 10 min of contact time was around 11, 5, and 3%, respectively. This is in accordance with the results reported in the literature
The recovery of manganese from a solution based on lithium‐ion batteries was investigated using the factorial design of experiments and the response surface methodologies, in order to assess the effect of different factors on the solvent extraction of manganese
Summary
Manganese is one of the most abundant metals in the Earth’s crust; manganese is highly dispersed (low-grade), and minerals are widely distributed. The main end use of manganese is in the steel industry, which accounts for 90% of the worlds manganese demand. Manganese is widely used in ironmaking and alloys with aluminum, magnesium, and copper [3,4,5,6]. Non-metallurgical applications account for only 5–10% of the manganese consumption, which is used in electrical systems, in the chemical industry, in the ceramic and glass production, and in the agricultural sector [7]. Manganese dioxide is used for cathodic depolarizer in dry cells, alkaline batteries, and lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) [4]
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