Abstract
Pinus koraiensis nut-coated film is a kind of by-product of nut processing, which has been shown to contain flavonoids, polyphenols, and other substances that can be used to produce natural antioxidant extracts. In this study, response surface methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the extraction process of flavonoids of P. koraiensis nut-coated film (PNF), and macroporous resin HPD600 was used to purify PNF (P-PNF). Its antioxidant activity was examined by DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) radical scavenging capacity, oxygen free radical absorption capacity (ORAC), total oxygen radical capture (TRAP), and iron ion reduction capacity. Under the ideal extraction conditions comprising a cellulase dosage of 90 U/g, a material/liquid ratio of 1:20 (g/mL), and an extraction time of 2 h, the PNF yield was 3.37%. Purification conditions were sample concentration of 2.0 mg/mL, pH of 5, water washing volume of 3 bed volume (BV), eluent ethanol concentration of 50%, and volume of 2 BV. The P-PNF recovery was 84.32%, and purity increased from 33.80% to 61.70%. Additionally, P-PNF showed increased antioxidant activity compared to PNF. Cumulatively, this study obtained the optimal values for the process parameters in order to achieve the maximum rates of extraction of PNF for economically optimal production at an industrial scale.
Highlights
Pinus koraiensis, the main tree species found on Changbai Mountain in northeastern China, is an important source of wood and a traditional medicinal plant
The following test schemes and results were obtained by a three-factor analysis of cellulase dosage, material/liquid ratio, and extraction time by the response surface method (RSM; Table 1)
The results showed that the ABTS free radical scavenging rate of P. koraiensis nut-coated film (PNF) was 88.14%, which strongly proved that PNF had the potential to be a natural antioxidant
Summary
The main tree species found on Changbai Mountain in northeastern China, is an important source of wood and a traditional medicinal plant. P. koraiensis nut, the seed nut of P. koraiensis, is a kind of nutritional and delicious food, usually used in pastry and traditional dishes, and as a snack food [1] It is rich in lipids, protein, essential amino acids, polyphenols, and other substances [2]. The protein [5] and polysaccharide [6] components of P. koraiensis nut were proved to have good antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. Based on these beneficial ingredients, the deep processing industry of P. koraiensis nut has developed rapidly in recent years. Designing a method for the effective extraction of flavonoids from P. koraiensis nut-coated film (PNF) will improve the resource utilization rate
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