Abstract
This study aimed to model energy use, energy efficiency, and greenhouse gas emissions in rain-fed wheat production by using a nonparametric data envelopment analysis (DEA) method. Data were collected through face-to-face interviews with 140 wheat farmers in 4 districts of Antalya Province. The energy inputs (independent variables) were human labor, seeds, chemical fertilizers, herbicides, and diesel fuel, and the energy output was the dependent variable. The results showed that the average energy consumption and the output energy for the studied wheat production system were 21. 07GJ ha−1 and 50. 99 GJ ha−1, respectively, and the total GHG emissions were calculated to be 592.12 kg CO2eq ha−1. Chemical fertilizer has the highest share of energy consumption and total GHG emissions. Based on the results from DEA, the technical efficiency of the farmers was found to be 0.81, while pure technical and scale efficiencies were 0.65 and 0.76, respectively. The results also highlighted that there is a potential opportunity to save approximately 14% (2.93 GJ ha−1) of the total energy consumption and consequently a 17% reduction in GHG emissions by following the optimal amounts of energy consumption while keeping the wheat yield constant. Efficient use of energy and reduction in GHG emissions will lead to resource efficiency and sustainable production, which is the main aim of the green economy.
Highlights
The agriculture and energy sectors are closely linked with each other, as agriculture is a producer and consumer of energy [1]
The distribution of energy consumption by different inputs revealed that chemical fertilizer was the highest energy consumer in wheat production
The reason for declaring these decisionmaking unit (DMU) as the most efficient or superior ones is because their input levels are close to inefficient DMUs and they frequently appeared in the reference set of inefficient DMUs
Summary
The agriculture and energy sectors are closely linked with each other, as agriculture is a producer and consumer of energy [1]. Agriculture is not the largest energy-consuming sector, all agricultural operations are energy intensive. Both commercial and noncommercial energy is used in agricultural operations either directly or indirectly [2]. Increasing demand for food has diverted attention to modern agricultural methods focused on increasing yield. The demand for enhancement in agricultural yield can be met in two ways: either by increasing the use of energy sources or optimizing input energy use in agricultural systems [3]. The aspiration of countries for self-sufficiency in food production and role in the international market has led to increased use of modern agricultural methods. Energy has become an important element of modern agriculture due to its heavy dependence on fuel and other commercial energies [3]
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