Abstract
Trans-anethole possesses several biological and pharmacological effects. It is also used as masking agent in household products and as a flavoring agent in food. Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. leaves are reported as a source of trans-anethole that makes their anise-like odor. This work sought to optimize the dynamic maceration of C. anisata leaves to maximize the trans-anethole content. The circumscribed central composite experimental design was applied to investigate the effects of extraction temperature and time on extraction yield, trans-anethole content in the extract, and trans-anethole content in the plant raw material. The results showed that the extraction yield was high when C. anisata leaves were extracted over a long extraction time, while the extraction temperature had a lesser effect on the extraction yield. Trans-anethole content in the extract and plant raw material determined using a linear, specific, precise, and accurate HPLC method was high when a medium extraction temperature with a short extraction time was used. The optimal condition that maximized trans-anethole content involved an extraction temperature of 61.8 °C and an extraction time of 12.9 min, respectively. The percentage error of the prediction conducted by computer software was low, suggesting that the prediction was highly accurate. In conclusion, the optimal condition of dynamic maceration obtained from this work could be used as a guide for maximizing trans-anethole content from C. anisata leaves.
Highlights
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. is a herbal medicinal plant belonging to the Rutaceae or Citrus family
The intraday precision was lower than 0.1%, while the interday precision was lower than 1%, and percent recovery was in the range of 96.94–101.25%
This work sought to optimize the dynamic maceration of C. anisata leaves to maximize the trans-anethole content
Summary
Clausena anisata (Willd.) Hook. f. ex Benth. is a herbal medicinal plant belonging to the Rutaceae or Citrus family. Is a herbal medicinal plant belonging to the Rutaceae or Citrus family It has been investigated for several activities including analgesic [1], antidiabetic [2, 3], anti-inflammatory [4, 5], antimalarial [1], antimicrobial [3, 6,7,8,9], antioxidant [3, 10, 11], antipyretic [4], cytotoxic [6], larvicidal [12,13,14,15,16], smoking cessation aid [17], and wound healing [11] effects. The five major compounds containing in essential oils of C. anisata leaves growing in NorthCentral Nigeria are anethole (31.3%), trans-β-ocimene (20.0%), caryophyllene (10.5%), estragole (6.9%), and α-pinene (6.7%) [18]. Ekundayo et al [19] noted that the essential oil composition of C. anisata leaves from Nigeria contains 92.7% methyl chavicol. The essential oil compositions of C. anisata leaves from Ghana, Togo, and Benin have been shared: three samples of C. anisata leaf essential oil contained methyl chavicol concentrations of 85.4–99.7%, while another three samples contained concentrations ranging
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