Abstract
Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) is one of the basic dosimetric quantities for measuring the patient dose and hence, an excellent tool for optimization purposes and for comparison with the international reference values. ESD value measurement for patient is also, an essential component of the quality assurance program for individual X-ray radiology departments. Factors affecting dose in all imaging modalities include beam energy, filtration, collimation, patient size, and image processing. Organ absorbed dose can be estimated by using a conversion factor along with a measured value of entrance exposure. When estimating the radiation dose of an individual patient, patient specific calculation methods can be used. The main objective of this study was to develop methods for assessment of ESD. In this study, image quality is quantified by modeling the whole X-ray imaging system, including the X-ray tube, and patient. This is accomplished by using Monte Carlo (MC) simulation methods that allow simultaneous estimates of measures of image quality and patient dose. In This study MCNP4C code was used to state a model for both human body and X-ray machine, to carry out such an investigation. Mathematical model of the human body with its all internal organs was used, and an image receptor of variable thickness and composition. Experimental results showed good agreement with theoretical predictions. The model may be used to generate data for a range of exposure conditions, and sample results will be presented. The usefulness and limitations of such a theoretical model will be discussed.
Highlights
X-ray diagnostic machines-one of the most widely used man made radiation sources- are part of any patient’s life, after, before and sometimes during treatment for any problem
This study presents a model for the human body that was done using Monte Carlo (MC) technique
It must be stressed that the Thermo-Luminescent Dosimeters (TLDs) threshold dose depends on the annealing and measurement protocols used and the equipment available, and on the particular batch of TLDs used for the Entrance Surface Dose (ESD) measurements
Summary
X-ray diagnostic machines-one of the most widely used man made radiation sources- are part of any patient’s life, after, before and sometimes during treatment for any problem. Estimates of the absorbed dose to tissues and organs in the patients are needed to determine the risks so that diagnostic technique can be properly justified and cases of accidental overexposure thoroughly investigated [1]. The damage may lead to that the cell is killed, and if enough cells are killed, the function of the tissue or organ will be deteriorated This type of acute harm due to large radiation exposures is referred to as a deterministic effect [2]. Sometimes the damage on the DNA is more complex This can cause mutations or chromosomal aberrations, which in turn may lead to a modified cell but with a retained reproduction capacity. To insure the ESD without using these factors, Monte Carlo techniques for dose estimation to organs have been developed [4]
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