Abstract
As a nonthermal process, ultrasonic extraction was optimized to obtain 13.21 mg/g of highly bioactive but extremely heat-sensitive cyanidin-3-O-galactoside (C3G) from Aronia melanocarpa Elliot under the following conditions; 75 kHz input frequency, 18.8 °C for the temperature, and 6.0 h process time. This yield was higher than 10.01 mg/g from a conventional juice extraction and was also higher than those from other reported sources. This concentration was proved to be very close to the predicted value of 13.70 mg/g from the quadratic model, with a regression coefficient of 0.969. This model also showed highly significant effects from changing frequency and time, and less significant effects from changing temperature. The extract from the optimized process showed 89.5% of higher DPPH radical scavenging activity than 71.3% from the conventional process. It was also found that the antioxidant activity of the extract was higher than that of using 13 µg/mL of C3G alone, possibly due to the synergistic effects of C3G with the other bioactive substances in the extract. Therefore, this optimized nonthermal process will be applied to obtain fairly high amounts of a thermally unstable and expensive C3G with fewer purification steps.
Highlights
Various cultivars of Aronia melanocarpa (Aronia), the so-called black chokeberry, have been cultivated and consumed all around the world, as this plant contains high amounts of anthocyanins, which have various biological activities such as anti-inflammation, anticancer, immunomodulation, and antiaging abilities, due to the strong antioxidant activities of these compounds [1,2,3]
The highest C3G content, 12.88 mg/g, was obtained from the extraction at 60 kHz and 20 ◦ C for 5 h, and this value was much higher than the 10.01 mg/g C3G in the juice extract powder reportedly obtained from a conventional method of processing aronia [11,13,31]
The concentration of C3G in the extract from the optimized process was found to be higher than 3.0–10.5 mg/g from other extraction processes with water or 70% ethanol, even though some of the results showed exceptionally high concentrations of above 15 mg/g in their extracts, values of which were not often reproducible [32]. This result strongly implies that the ultrasonic extraction is an effective process for extracting C3G from aronia at low temperatures, and this optimized process can yield high amounts of intact C3G
Summary
Various cultivars of Aronia melanocarpa (Aronia), the so-called black chokeberry, have been cultivated and consumed all around the world, as this plant contains high amounts of anthocyanins, which have various biological activities such as anti-inflammation, anticancer, immunomodulation, and antiaging abilities, due to the strong antioxidant activities of these compounds [1,2,3]. Aronia has been studied to utilize the efficacies of C3G and other anthocyanins in the fields of functional foods, cosmetics, medicines and other bioindustries [8,9,10]. Because most anthocyanins found in nature, including C3G, are extremely unstable and heat-sensitive, the application of extracting C3G from aronia has been greatly restricted.
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