Abstract
With the help of the factorial design of experiments, optimization of the deposition of the CuW alloy was successfully done. The important deposition parameters were identified as pH, current density, and—the most important one—copper ion concentration. All of them were examined in their wide ranges. Under optimal conditions, in a citrate bath, with copper ion concentration of 1.0 mM, at current density of −100 mA cm−2 and at pH ca. 8.3, the alloy layer had the highest tungsten content (circa 30 wt.%), satisfactory adhesion and a smooth and crackless morphology. The structure of the electrodeposited alloy can be described as an amorphous solid solution of Cu in W with built-in Cu nanocrystals.
Highlights
The demand for new applications and new properties of decorative, protection, and structural materials is the driving force for research and development of new materials [1]
Our results indubitably proved that a CuW alloy can be obtained by simultaneous electroreduction and deposition of tungsten with copper
In the citrate baths used in tungsten-based alloy electrodeposition, several parameters can impact the process [7, 27,28,29,30]
Summary
The demand for new applications and new properties of decorative, protection, and structural materials is the driving force for research and development of new materials [1]. Galvanic alloys of tungsten or molybdenum have a variety of applications usually as protective coverages, and as structural materials [4, 13] These alloys can be electrodeposited from citrate baths which are known for their low toxicity and long-time usage. The most promising theoretical combinations of the parameters were experimentally tested and presented in this paper This approach turned out to be successful and allowed us to predict some trends in the system and to determine the conditions of deposition of compact and high-tungsten-content CuW alloys. The used methodology of investigation and search for new procedures allowed us to obtain the material of high tungsten content and of compact structure As it is shown in this paper, the CuW deposits can exhibit various compositions, morphology, and cohesion which may result in different mechanical, corrosion, and catalytic properties of the alloys. The X-Stat 2.02 (by John Murray) software was used for fractional factorial design of experiments, and the appropriate selection of the deposition conditions
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