Abstract
The study evaluates the capacity fade of commercial 3.25Ah 18650-type cells with NCA cathodes and graphite anodes quantitatively for different temperatures and charging strategies. For standard constant current / constant voltage (CC-CV) charging, the aging rate for cells cycled at 0.5C is increased with decreasing temperature in the range of 25°C to 0°C. Interestingly, no accelerated aging is observed for CC-CV charging in the temperature range of 25°C to 60°C at 0.5C. The observed behavior indicates lithium deposition on anodes for temperatures up to ∼25°C and is further investigated by reconstruction of anode and cathode from the commercial 18650-type cells into full cells with an additional lithium metal reference electrode. The reconstruction method is scrutinized regarding its validity. Measurements with the reconstructed cells at 25°C reveal the quantitative dependency of the anode potential vs. Li/Li+ from the charge C-rate and cell voltage. This allows deriving charging strategies involving strictly positive anode potentials to avoid lithium deposition and preventing the corresponding capacity fade.
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