Abstract
Rhodotorula yeasts which are known as carotenogenic yeasts have a great industrial value due to their ability to produce carotenoids. In particular, the isolated yeast Rhodotorula sp. (strain ATL72) has been reported to be a promising producer of high concentrations of carotenoids. A combination of central composite design (CCD) and Plackett–Burman (PB) design was used to optimize carotenoids produced by this yeast. The optimum production of carotenoids was completed when the yeast was grown in a production medium composed of 3.7 g/L malt extract, 7.7 g/L fructose, 9 g/L urea, 35 g/L NaCl, and 1 g/L yeast extract at 27.5 °C, pH 6.7, and 180 rpm. Two batch runs in 1 L and 7 L bioreactors were conducted which increased the productivity of carotenoid concentration from 21.5 mg/L after 98 h of incubation at the level of the shake flask to 229.9 mg/L after 47 h of incubation at the level of 7 L bioreactor. The carotenoid pigment was extracted in dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), acetone, petroleum ether, and sodium chloride, and subsequently identified and characterized using UV-visible scanning, thin layer chromatography, and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry.
Highlights
Microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast, are considered as a vital source of biopigments like carotenoids [1,2]
This study aimed to use the biotechnological process as optimization and a bioreactor to enhance the production of carotenoids by Rhodotorula ATL72
The carotenoid production and the growth rate were affected by vital factors such as temperature, pH, and salinity and their levels were determined according to previous research
Summary
Microorganisms, such as bacteria and yeast, are considered as a vital source of biopigments like carotenoids [1,2]. Animals and higher plants are able to synthesize carotenoids [3]. Carotenoids are a group of natural pigments present in egg, fish, fruits, and vegetables and can be synthesized by different organisms such as Rhodotorula [4,5]. The yellow, orange, pink, or red carotenoids are secondary metabolites produced by different organisms including yeast Rhodotorula sp. There are a variety of natural sources of carotenoids. Aquatic animals, microalgae, and all of the colorful vegetables and fruits are a major natural sources of carotenoids [7]
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