Abstract
BS4 enzyme that is produced from solid substrate fermentation (SSF) on coconut cake with Eupenicillium javanicum BS4 in tray bioreactor has been applied as a feed additive. It increases the nutritional value of animal feedstuff. The BS4 production on SSF may be influenced by the better aeration through the perforated trays or by the thinner substrate. The aim of this research is to optimize the production of BS4 with different substrate thicknesses and types of trays. The trial was carried out using a factorial randomized design (2x2x3) with 6 replicates. The first factor was the type of trays: i.e., non-perforated and perforated tray. The second factor was the thickness of the substrate: i.e., 1.5 and 3.0 cm, while the third factor was the duration of fermentation: i.e. 5, and 7 days. The variables observed were moisture content, dry matter loss (DML), mannanase and saccharification activities, soluble protein content, their specific activities, and yield. Statistical analysis showed no interactions between the three factors, but there were interactions between types of trays and substrate thicknesses, as well as type of trays and incubation times on the mannanase activity and yield of mannanase. The results showed that DML was observed on day 7 were around 31.43- 36.89. The highest mannanase activity was observed on the non-perforated tray with 3 cm thickness on day 7. The saccharification activity towards palm kernel meal was better in the non-perforated tray on day 7 but not influenced by The yield value of mannanase and saccharification activities on a non-perforated tray with 3.0 cm thickness on day 7 was also the highest. Based on energy efficiency and the cost of production, it can be concluded that the optimum condition to produce the BS4 enzyme was observed in the non-perforated tray with 3 cm thickness and fermented for 7 days.
Highlights
The feed is the largest contributor to the cost of livestock production, especially when some of the feed ingredients are imported
Coconut meal as substrate was steamed for 15 minutes at 121oC, cooled, mixed with mineral mixtures from Mandels minimal medium (Maximillian 2017) and mixed with 10% of E. javanicum BS4 inoculum prepared in the submerged culture
The most stable moisture content is detected on the treatment of nonperforated tray with 1.5 cm thickness which is in the range of 50-60%
Summary
The feed is the largest contributor to the cost of livestock production, especially when some of the feed ingredients are imported. Imported feed ingredients are normally expensive which makes farmers difficult to gain profit. Farmers may use the agricultural industry by-products such as coconut meal (CM) and palm kernel meal (PKM) in order to reduce the feed price. PKM a by-product obtained in the production of palm kernel oil has been used as an ingredient for poultry feed. The inclusion of PKM in poultry feed is still low due to the high content of crude fiber. Its fibers, such as mannan and cellulose caused low digestibility of nutrients (Ketaren et al 1999). Fibers contained in the feed can be decomposed by the addition of hydrolytic enzymes increasing the nutrient digestibility of feed material (Kuhad et al 1997)
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