Abstract
A radio frequency antenna array was adopted to localize partial discharge (PD) sources in an entire substation. The deployment of an antenna array is a significant factor affecting the localization accuracy, and the array needs to be carefully selected. In this work, a hybrid method of particle swarm optimization (PSO) and a genetic algorithm (GA) is proposed to optimize the array deployment. A direction-of-arrival (DOA) estimation algorithm applicable to arbitrary array configurations is firstly presented. The Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) was employed to evaluate the localization accuracy of different arrays, and two objective functions characterizing the estimation errors of coordinates and the DOA are proposed. With the goal of minimizing the objective functions, the array deployments for the coordinate and DOA localizations were optimized by using the hybrid PSO/GA algorithm. Using the developed method, optimal antenna configurations for different constraint areas, aspect ratios, and numbers of sensors were investigated. The results indicate that the optimal deployments for coordinate and DOA estimations are different; specifically speaking, superior DOA performance is achieved when all antennas are placed on the outer boundary of the constraint area while part of the antennas in the optimal coordinate array are placed in the middle position.
Highlights
Dielectric breakdown originating from insulating defects in high-voltage electrical equipment is a main cause of power supply interruption
By using Cramér-Rao lower bound (CRLB) calculation, simulation of the root-mean-square error (RMSE), and experiments, we investigated the influence of the size, aspect ratio, and shape of antenna arrays confined in a rectangular area [14]
With the goal of minimizing the objective functions, the array deployments for coordinate and DOA localization are optimized by using a hybrid
Summary
Dielectric breakdown originating from insulating defects in high-voltage electrical equipment is a main cause of power supply interruption. Various techniques have been developed to discover potential defects prior to insulation failure. Owing to high sensitivity and abundant information, partial discharge (PD) measurement is extensively applied to assess the insulation conditions of power equipment. Online PD monitoring instruments have been mounted on some crucial equipment, such as gas-insulated substations (GISs) and transformers [1,2,3]. In consideration of installation cost, power utility companies are not willing to adopt such techniques for other equipment such as breakers, potentials, and current transformers. In order to detect the PD of all equipment in an entire air-insulated substation, a radio-frequency (RF) antenna array-based sensing system was developed [4,5]. Various kinds of Energies 2018, 11, 1813; doi:10.3390/en11071813 www.mdpi.com/journal/energies
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