Abstract
The residential sector is currently one of the major contributors to the global energy balance. However, the energy demand of residential users has been so far largely uncontrollable and inelastic with respect to the power grid conditions. With the massive introduction of renewable energy sources and the large variations in energy flows, also the residential sector is required to provide some flexibility in energy use so as to contribute to the stability and efficiency of the electric system. To address this issue, demand management mechanisms can be used to optimally manage the energy resources of customers and their energy demand profiles. A very promising technique is represented by demand-side management (DSM), which consists in a proactive method aimed at making users energy-efficient in the long term. In this paper, we survey the most relevant studies on optimization methods for DSM of residential consumers. Specifically, we review the related literature according to three axes defining contrasting characteristics of the schemes proposed: DSM for individual users versus DSM for cooperative consumers, deterministic DSM versus stochastic DSM and day-ahead DSM versus real-time DSM. Based on this classification, we provide a big picture of the key features of different approaches and techniques and discuss future research directions.
Highlights
Traditional power grids were designed to supply energy produced by a few central generators connected to the high voltage (HV) network
Demand management mechanisms represent a very promising solution to properly control the electric resources of users with the aim of reducing their bills or saving energy, and improving the efficiency of power grids by means of shifting loads to off-peak hours, adapting the demand to renewable sources’ supply or reacting to emergency conditions
We have presented the state-of-the-art on optimization methods for demand-side management of residential users, surveying the related literature based on three dichotomies, which are individual users versus cooperative consumers, deterministic versus stochastic and day-ahead versus real-time
Summary
Traditional power grids were designed to supply energy produced by a few central generators connected to the high voltage (HV) network. The widespread diffusion of RESs is motivated by the substantial socio-economic benefits obtainable with these sources: reduction of greenhouse gas emissions and air pollution, diversification of energy supply, diminished dependence on imported fuels, economic development and jobs in manufacturing, installation and management of RESs plants [3,4]. Despite these obvious benefits to the environment, industry and consumers themselves, there are some barriers that can limit renewable sources’ penetration [5]. The energy dispatching is much more challenging than in the past, and new instruments are required to ensure the real-time balancing between demand and supply
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