Abstract
The economic burden and high mortality associated with multidrug-resistant bacteria is a major public health concern. Biosynthesized copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) could be a potential alternative to combat bacterial resistance to conventional medicine. This study for the first time aimed at optimizing the synthesis conditions (concentration of copper ions, temperature, and pH) to obtain the smallest size of CuNPs, characterizing and testing the antibacterial efficacy of CuNPs prepared from Senna didymobotrya (S. didymobotrya) roots. Extraction was done by the Soxhlet method using methanol as the solvent. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis was performed to identify compounds in S. didymobotrya root extracts. Box–Behnken design was used to obtain optimal synthesis conditions as determined using a particle analyzer. Characterization was done using ultraviolet-visible (UV-Vis), particle size analyzer, X-ray diffraction, zeta potentiometer, and Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR). Bioassay was conducted using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion susceptibility test. The major compounds identified by GC-MS in reference to the NIST library were benzoic acid, thymol, N-benzyl-2-phenethylamine, benzaldehyde, vanillin, phenylacetic acid, and benzothiazole. UV-Vis spectrum showed a characteristic peak at 570 nm indicating the formation of CuNPs. The optimum synthesis conditions were temperature of 80°C, pH 3.0, and copper ion concentration of 0.0125 M. The FT-IR spectrum showed absorptions in the range 3500–3400 cm−1 (N-H stretch), 3400–2400 cm−1 (O-H stretch), and 988–830 cm−1 (C-H bend) and peak at 1612 cm−1 (C=C stretch), and 1271 cm−1 (C-O bend). Cu nanoparticle sizes were 5.55–63.60 nm. The zeta potential value was −69.4 mV indicating that they were stable. The biosynthesized nanoparticles exhibited significant antimicrobial activity on Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with the zone of inhibition diameters of 26.00 ± 0.58 mm and 30.00 ± 0.58 mm compared to amoxicillin clavulanate (standard) with inhibition diameters of 20 ± 0.58 mm and 28.00 ± 0.58 mm, respectively.
Highlights
Nanotechnology is of great scientific interest due to its wide application in pharmaceutical products, electronics, biotechnology, and medicine [1, 2]
Particle size analysis was conducted for thirteen (13) samples of CuNPs prepared at varied conditions of pH of the reaction medium, copper ion concentration, and temperature of the solution. e smallest particle was for CuNPs prepared at 80°C, pH 3.0, and copper ion concentration of 0.03125 M (Figure 6)
X-Ray Diffraction Results. e X-ray diffraction (XRD) peaks were assigned in comparison with the standard powder diffraction card of the Joint Committee on Powder Diffraction Standards (JCPDS card no. 89-2838). e peak positions were consistent with metallic copper of a crystalline nature
Summary
Nanotechnology is of great scientific interest due to its wide application in pharmaceutical products, electronics, biotechnology, and medicine [1, 2]. Physical methods experience low Journal of Nanotechnology production of nanoparticles and high energy consumption to maintain high temperature and pressure utilized during the synthesis process. Due to the limitations of physical and chemical methods of CuNPs synthesis, biological methods have been developed. E biological method of synthesis of the copper nanoparticle is considered a bottom-up technique, where oxidation or reduction is the main reaction that occurs during the production of nanoparticles [7]. E unique chemical and physical properties, low-cost preparation, surface-to-volume ratio, and low toxicity make CuNPs command a superior position as gas sensors, photocatalysts, dye absorbents, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antitumor agents in comparison to nanoparticles prepared from gold, zinc, iron, and silver compounds [2, 9,10,11,12,13] Biosynthesized inorganic nanoparticles can offer solutions to the emergence of multidrug-resistant microbes. is can act as substitutes to the traditional organic agents that have limited application due to the high rate of decomposition and low heat resistance. e unique chemical and physical properties, low-cost preparation, surface-to-volume ratio, and low toxicity make CuNPs command a superior position as gas sensors, photocatalysts, dye absorbents, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antimalarial, and antitumor agents in comparison to nanoparticles prepared from gold, zinc, iron, and silver compounds [2, 9,10,11,12,13]
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