Abstract
Objective: The aims of this study are to formulate creams containing combination of spirulina (Arthrospira platensis) extract and zinc oxidenanoparticles using glycerol and propylene glycol as humectants and to evaluate their physical characteristics and in vitro antioxidant activity.Methods: Spirulina was extracted by maceration method using methanol as solvent. The high energy ball milling technique was used to obtain zincoxide nanoparticles. Creams were prepared in five formulas with the variations in the concentration of glycerol and propylene glycol. The physicalcharacteristics of creams were evaluated including pH, spreadability, adhesiveness, and viscosity. The optimization was conducted by Simplex LatticeDesign (SLD) method using Design-Expert software. In vitro antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH method.Results: The extraction resulted spirulina extract with a yield of 13.57%. The particle size of the ZnO nanoparticles obtained was 143.4±0.364 nm,with the polydispersity index of 0.177. Optimum formula of cream was obtained with the concentration of glycerol and propylene glycol was 12.9and 17.1%, respectively. The spreadability, adhesiveness, viscosity, and pH of the optimized cream were 12.73±0.16 cm2, 1.47±0.12 s, 126.67±5.77dPas, and 7.11±0.04, respectively. Cream containing spirulina extract and ZnO nanoparticles showed in vitro antioxidant activity with the IC50 valueof 59.47±6.34 ppm.Conclusion: Cream, containing spirulina and ZnO nanoparticles, was successfully prepared using glycerol and propylene glycol as humectant andshowed very strong antioxidant activity in vitro.
Highlights
Arthrospira platensis or well known as spirulina is blue-green algae that have many potential in medicinal, nutritional, or cosmetic application
The previous study reported the application of cosmetics containing spirulina using microneedle improved skin tone, skin hydration, and hyper-pigmentation of middle-aged women [7]
Materials Spirulina powder was purchased from Cyanovit, Sukoharjo, Indonesia; Vitamin E, zinc oxide, 2,2-Diphenyl- 1-picrylhydrazyl (Sigma Aldrich), ethanol, methanol (Merck), glycerol, propylene glycol, stearic acid, triethanolamine, citric acid, cetyl alcohol, methylparaben, propylparaben, and rose oil (Brataco)
Summary
Arthrospira platensis or well known as spirulina is blue-green algae that have many potential in medicinal, nutritional, or cosmetic application. The microalgae contain many nutritional compounds, such as proteins, vitamins, minerals, pigments, and enzymes [1,2]. Extracts of spirulina showed many activities, such as antibacterial [3], antioxidant [4,5], and anticancer [6]. The previous study reported the application of cosmetics containing spirulina using microneedle improved skin tone, skin hydration, and hyper-pigmentation of middle-aged women [7]. Various studies have shown that zinc has a protective effect against free radicals and induces the enzyme superoxide dismutase so that it can overcome oxidative stress due to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Excessive ROS causes damage to skin tissue, such as skin aging [8]. Nanoparticle-sized cosmetic preparations have good biocompatibility and allow for specific interactions with biomolecules due to their relatively uniform size [9]
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