Abstract
The results obtained demonstrate significant scientific and technological contributions. The DFOPID controller achieved a purity of 99.50% wt, a recovery of 74.53%, and an energy efficiency of 69.52%, effectively handling disturbances and trajectory changes. In comparison, the discrete PID controller reached a purity of 99.42% wt, a recovery of 74.19%, and an energy efficiency of 61.10%. While the DFOPID exhibited superior performance and faster response to trajectory changes and disturbances, the discrete PID showed better energy efficiency. Both controllers are viable for industrial applications and PSA processes, as they meet the required purity standards for biofuel production.
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