Abstract
Optimising Residential Water Heating System Performance to Minimise Water-Energy Penalties
Highlights
Buildings are responsible for approximately 50% of the national energy consumption of several countries [1], for which a considerable amount is used to supply the residential sector
The objective of this paper was to analyse the performance of Domestic Water Heaters (DWHs) in the three largest cities of Australia by using a holistic approach based on energy and level of service indicators
The energy intensity typically decreases with the adoption of heat pumps, followed by solar systems, which is consistent with other similar research;
Summary
Buildings are responsible for approximately 50% of the national energy consumption of several countries [1], for which a considerable amount is used to supply the residential sector. 16% of the total energy consumption worldwide is related to residential buildings. This proportion tends to increase in developed countries. In the USA and the UK, the residential sector accounts for 22% and 28% of the total national energy consumption, respectively [2]. Hot water services make up for more than 90% of the total energy consumption of the urban water cycle, i.e. from water supply to treated wastewater disposal [4]. Environmental impacts of the urban water cycle are intricately connected to the energy consumption of water heating systems [5]
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