Abstract
Zinc oxide nanoparticles have wide applications as catalysts, antimicrobial agents, drug delivery agents, etc. because of their intrinsic properties. Various methods can be applied to synthesise nanoparticles, one of which is the biosynthesis process. Biosynthesis is more eco-friendly than chemical and physical methods. In the present study, the optimisation of zinc oxide nanoparticle biosynthesis using the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae was performed by applying a response surface method called the Box�Behnken design (BBD). Three factors were optimised in the present study, namely the concentration of zinc acetate as the precursor (X1), concentration of the S. cerevisiae fermentation broth (X2), and the incubation time (X3). The mass of zinc oxide nanoparticles (Y) was recorded as the response of the experiment. The product was then characterised by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), and particle size analyser (PSA). The optimum conditions for the preparation of zinc oxide nanoparticles were found to be 0.3 M, 100% (v/v), and 24 h as the zinc acetate concentration, medium concentration, and incubation time, respectively. The FTIR analysis showed peaks at ~600 cm−1, which is characteristic for ZnO stretching. From the XRD result, the ZnO nanoparticles with hexagonal structure was confirm. The SEM/EDS analysis confirmed that the morphology was spherical and showed the major energy emission for zinc and oxygen. Moreover, the PSA analysis revealed that the smallest size was 218.6 nm (12%) when the synthesis was performed at the optimum conditions, while when the incubation time was prolonged for 120 h, the size decreased to 134.2 nm.
Highlights
Nanomaterials are very interesting because of their wide applications
The purpose of this study was to biosynthesise zinc oxide nanoparticles using S. cerevisae and determine the optimum conditions to obtain the maximum mass of zinc oxide nanoparticles with Box–Behnken design (BBD)
3.1 zinc oxide (ZnO) Nanoparticle Preparation The formation of ZnO nanoparticles was confirmed through a visual assessment
Summary
Nanomaterials are very interesting because of their wide applications. Nanomaterials with small particle sizes and large surface areas have potential in various industrial fields such as food packaging industry [1], cosmetics [2], medicine [3], and catalysts [4]. Many studies to prepare nanoparticles have been carried out using physical, chemical, or biological methods, including co-precipitation [6], sol-gel [7], hydrothermal l [8], microemulsion [9], biosynthesis [10], electrochemistry [11] and irradiation [12]. Biosynthesis is a biological method that is eco-friendly as compared to chemical and physical methods, which are dangerous and expensive [10]. The synthesis of nanoparticles by using the biosynthesis method involves the use of microorganisms, enzymes, plants, and algae as a medium to form the nanoparticles [10]. Microorganisms such as yeast have a number of advantages, such as the ability to absorb and accumulate toxic metal ions in high concentrations from
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