Abstract
Influenza A virus in swine (IAV-S) is one of the most important infectious disease agents of swine in North America. In addition to the economic burden of IAV-S to the swine industry, the zoonotic potential of IAV-S sometimes leads to serious public health concerns. Adjuvanted, inactivated vaccines have been licensed in the United States for over 20 years, and there is also widespread usage of autogenous/custom IAV-S vaccines. Vaccination induces neutralizing antibodies and protection against infection with very similar strains. However, IAV-S strains are so diverse and prone to mutation that these vaccines often have disappointing efficacy in the field. This scientific review was developed to help veterinarians and others to identify the best available IAV-S vaccine for a particular infected herd. We describe key principles of IAV-S structure and replication, protective immunity, currently available vaccines, and vaccine technologies that show promise for the future. We discuss strategies to optimize the use of available IAV-S vaccines, based on information gathered from modern diagnostics and surveillance programs. Improvements in IAV-S immunization strategies, in both the short term and long term, will benefit swine health and productivity and potentially reduce risks to public health.
Highlights
Influenza A virus in swine (IAV-S) is considered one of the most important infectious disease agents affecting North American swine [1]
After conversations with diagnostic laboratories and manufacturers, we suggest that this approach could be adapted further by using swine antisera induced by the licensed polyvalent vaccines, administered in accordance with the approved product labels
Licensed and autogenous vaccines used in the field contain inactivated viruses with adjuvant, and many circulating IAV-S strains are antigenically distinct from the vaccines, so it is a realistic possibility
Summary
Influenza A virus in swine (IAV-S) is considered one of the most important infectious disease agents affecting North American swine [1]. IAV-S is a zoonotic pathogen which can be transmitted between people and pigs with consequences to public health. Farm workers or other persons in contact with livestock may become infected with IAV-S or, they may transmit human IAV to swine [3,4]. It is possible for an IAV-S strain to be adapted to the human host well enough to spread between humans and initiate a pandemic. Successful IAV-S vaccination can improve herd health and lower the risk of transmission to other species, including humans. It describes strategies to optimize the use of available IAV-S vaccines for a given herd, with the aid of modern diagnostics and surveillance programs
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